1. CHAPTER 9 INTELLIGENCE AND CREATIVITY

3. Learning Objectives
What is the psychometric approach to intelligence and how have different psychometric theorists defined intelligence?
What are the traditional measures of intelligence and what are some of the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches?
What are some alternatives to these traditional measures of intelligence?

4. Intelligence and Creativity
What Is Intelligence?
Adaptive thinking or actions (Piaget)
Ability to think abstractly, solve problems?
Characteristics of Intelligence
Genetic determination about 50%
Environmental influence about 50%
Creativity: Ability to produce novel responses appropriate in context, valued by others

5. The Psychometric Approach
A trait – can be identified, measured
A single attribute? Spearman
“g” = general; “s” = special
Many attributes? Thurstone
Seven primary mental abilities
Spatial ability, perceptual speed, numeric reasoning, verbal meaning, word fluency, memory, inductive reasoning
IQ tests and IQ score

6. Cattell and Horn
Fluid Intelligence: Decreases in older adults
Used to solve novel problems
Skills: reasoning, seeing relationships, inferences,
Free of cultural influences
Crystallized Intelligence: Increases with age
Knowledge from experiences (learned)
General information, vocabulary, etc.

7. Gardner: Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Not measured with IQ tests: 8 types
1) Linguistic
2) Logical-mathematical
3) Musical
4) Spatial
5) Bodily-kinesthetic
6) Interpersonal
7) Intrapersonal
8) Naturalist

8. Savant Syndrome
Extraordinary talent in one area
Otherwise mentally retarded
Musical, artistic, calculation abilities

9. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Contextual Component
Adapting to the environment
“Street smart,” age group, culture, etc.
Experiential Component: Automatization
Response to novelty
Componential Component
Information processing
Efficiency of strategies

10. Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

11. The Stanford-Binet IQ Test
The “standard” in traditional IQ testing
Age-graded items used
Older Version: Concept of mental age (MA)
IQ = MA/CA X 100
Modern S-B Scales
Test norms used
Large, representative samples
IQ score of 100 is average

12. The Wechsler Scales (IQ Test)
Widely Used Today
WPPSI: ages 3-8 (2002)
WISC-III: ages 6-16 (1991)
WAIS-III: adults
Three IQ Scores Derived
Verbal IQ
Performance IQ
Full-scale IQ

13. The approximate distribution of IQ scores

14. Intelligence Testing Today
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
How problems are solved
Dynamic assessment approach
How quickly learning occurs
Cognitive Assessment System
Predicts academic success

15. Learning Objectives
What methods have been used to assess infant intelligence and how successful is each method?
To what extent is infant intelligence related to later intelligence?
Are IQ scores stable during childhood? What factors contribute to gains and losses in IQ scores?
What are the typical characteristics of creative children?

16. The Infant
Developmental Quotient (DQ)
Bayley Scales: Ages 2-30 months
Correlations with Child IQ are low to zero
Useful for diagnostic purposes
Best Predictors of IQ
Measures of information processing
E.g., attention, speed of habituation, preference for novelty

17. The Child
DQ does not predict later IQ
IQ at age 4 predicts later IQ
IQ Gains Due to:
Parents who foster achievement
Neither strict nor lax parenting
IQ Drops: Poverty
Cumulative Deficit Hypothesis

20. Learning Objectives
How well do IQ scores predict school achievement?
To what extent is IQ related to occupational success?

21. The Adolescent
Brain growth spurt at age 11/12 (puberty)
Formal operational thinking
Improved memory and processing skills
Stability of IQ evident
IQ score a good predictor of school achievement

22. Learning Objectives
How do IQ and mental abilities change with age?
What factors predict declines in intellectual abilities in older adults?
To what extent does wisdom exist in older adults?
How does creativity change throughout adulthood?

23. The Adult
Strong Relationships Between:
IQ and occupational prestige
IQ and job performance
IQ and good health/longevity
IQ decline by age 80 (longitudinal studies)
C-S studies show cohort effects
Fluid IQ peaks at about age 24
Crystallized (verbal) unchanged until 80’s

24. Predictors of Gains and Decline
Decline: Poor health, unstimulating lifestyle
Gain (or maintain)
Above average SES
Intact marriages
Intellectually capable spouses
Active lifestyles
“Use it or lose it!”

25. Wisdom Expert Pragmatic Knowledge
Rich procedural knowledge: strategies esp. for handling conflict
Lifespan contextual knowledge
Relativism of values & life priorities
Recognition and management of uncertainty
Age does not predict wisdom
Intelligence, personality and cognitive style

26. Learning Objectives
What evidence shows genetic influence on IQ scores?
What other factors influence IQ scores?

27. Factors that Influence IQ
The Flynn Effect: Increases in IQ generally
Genes: Accounts for half (Twin studies)
Home environment; higher SES helps
Environment is powerful
Parental involvement and stimulation
Firstborn, smaller family are advantages
Racial and ethnic differences
Stereotype threat
Culture bias in IQ test

29. Learning Objectives
How are mental retardation and giftedness defined?
What are the outcomes for individuals who are mentally retarded or gifted?

30. Mental Retardation
Below-average intellectual functioning: IQ 75
Limited adaptive behavior: Before age 18
Self-care and social skills
Below age-appropriate expectations
Causes
Organic: e.g., Down syndrome
Cultural-familial: genes & environment

32. Giftedness
High IQ
Special abilities: math, arts, leadership
Renzuli: combination high IQ, creativity, and task commitment
Can be identified by 18 months
Terman’s “Termites”
Remarkable into adulthood
Well adjusted

33. Creativity
Ability to produce novel responses
Divergent thinking: A variety of solutions
Convergent Thinking
Focusing on best solution
Measured by IQ test
Ideational Fluency

34. Creativity in Childhood and Adolescence
Freedom, originality, humor, violence, playfulness
More fantasy and pretend play
More open to new experience
Little genetic influence: Related to home
Value nonconformity and independence
Encouragement of curiosity and playfulness
Freedom to explore independently

35. Creative Achievement in Adulthood
Increases in the 20’s, 30’s, and early 40’s
Then declines
Peak Times Vary by Fields
Humanities scholars peak in 60’s
Artists peak in 30’s and 40’s
Scientists peak from 40’s to 70’s
Enthusiasm and experience required.