1. Chapter 10 Industrialization and Nationalism
Lesson 1
The Industrial Revolution

2. Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
• Puddling
o Produced bar iron without hammering
o Faster production and better quality
• Steam engine
o Transformed transportation and agriculture
o With James Watt’s improvements, enabled to drive machinery

3. Enclosure Movement of the 1700s
Enclosure laws allowed landowners to fence off land formerly used as common pasture. The map on the left shows a British farming area in 1700; the shaded areas are common pastures. The map on the right shows the same area in 1800, with the common pastures eliminated by fences.

4. Spread of Industrialization to Europe and North America
• Spread first to countries whose governments were ready for it: Belgium, France, Germany
• Spread in America once population moved to cities from farms
• Railway system was key factor in both Europe and United States

5. Enclosure Movement of the 1700s
Effects of enclosure laws:
• Landowners fence in common lands.
• Peasants move to towns to find work.
• Factories benefit from new labor supply.
• Remaining farms are larger, with increased crop yields.

6. Lesson 2 Nationalism and Political Revolutions
Chapter 10
Lesson 2
Nationalism and Political Revolutions

7. Impact of French Revolution of 1848 on Germany
• Demand for change led German rulers to promise reforms.
• Frankfurt Assembly failed to unify Germany.
• Demonstrations broke out in Austria.
• Revolutionaries demanded independence for Hungary and Bohemia.

8. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Within the Austrian Empire, the German- speaking Hapsburgs ruled a wide variety of nationalities.
• In 1848, demonstrations erupted in major cities.
• After making some concessions to the revolutionaries, the Austrian government moved to reassert its control.
• By 1849, the revolutions had been defeated.

9. Changes in Great Britain After 1848
Why didn’t the revolutions in Europe affect Great Britain?
• Gave vote to industrial middle class
• Made social and political reforms
• Enjoyed economic prosperity
• Developed strong sense of nationalism

10. Lesson 3 Nationalism, Unification, and Reform
Chapter 10
Lesson 3
Nationalism, Unification, and Reform

11. Changes in France After 1848
• Restoration of monarchy (Second Empire) under Napoleon III
• Brief period of prosperity
• Construction of roads, railroads, harbors, and canals
• Rebuilding of Paris
• Fall of Second Empire in 1870

12. Changes in Austria and Russia After 1848
• Austria was defeated by Prussia in 1866.
• Compromise of 1867 created dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
Russia:
• Alexander II attempted reforms.
• Serfs were freed but impoverished.
• Impatient reformers assassinated Alexander II.

13. Famine and Immigration
• Famine and poverty caused many people in Europe to move to different countries in search of a better life.
• A potato famine in Ireland killed a million people and caused a million more to emigrate to the United States.
• Other Europeans emigrated to large cities in other countries, believing that industrialization brought new economic opportunities.

14. The Crimean War

15. Reporting from the Battlefield
The Crimean War (1853—1856) was the first time news reporters and photographers went directly to the battlefield to get up-to-date information. Just a few years later, during the U.S. Civil War (1861—1865), more than war correspondents were reporting from the battlefield.

16. Lesson 4 Nation Building in Latin America
Chapter 10
Lesson 4
Nation Building in Latin America

17. Socioeconomic Inequality in Latin America
In what ways was society not equitable in Latin American countries after their independence?
• Land was still the basis of wealth, social prestige, and political power.
• Most citizens owned no land and therefore could not grow basic food crops.
• Poverty was widespread, while an elite class of landowners lived well.

18. The Monroe Doctrine What was the significance of the Monroe Doctrine?
• Developed by the United States to establish U.S. protection over the Western Hemisphere
• Emerged out of a distrust of Britain's assertions of dominance in parts of North and South America
• Proclaimed that attempts by Europeans to colonize Latin America could be considered acts of aggression against the United States
• Successful in discouraging European intervention in Americas

19. The Revolutionary Spirit Comes to Latin America
• The creoles who formed most of the upper class in Latin America became tired of European countries draining wealth from Latin American colonies.
• The success of the American Revolution gave the creole elites hope that they too could defeat their European colonizers.
• Colony after colony denounced monarchy and declared independence.

20. Haitian Independence
• About 100,000 enslaved persons revolted in western Hispaniola in 1803.
• Toussaint-Louverture, a former enslaved person, led the revolt to end slavery in the area.
• In 1804 Haiti became the first independent state in Latin America.

21. The Road to Mexican Independence
• Parish priest Miguel Hidalgo led revolt against Spain in 1810.
• Hidalgo had studied the French Revolution and wanted Mexico’s native peoples to be free of Spanish control.
• Hidalgo’s army of mestizos and Native Americans was poorly trained.
• Revolt was crushed and Hidalgo was put to death.
• Revolution was carried on by others, and Mexico declared independence from Spain in 1821.

22. Antonio López de Santa Anna Benito Juárez Years in Power 1833–1855
Contrasting Leadership Styles: Santa Anna and Juárez
Leader
Antonio López de Santa Anna
Benito Juárez
Years in Power
1833–1855
1855–1876
Leadership Style
Caudillo; ruled by military force
Reformer; became a national hero
Actions While in Office
Misused funds, halted reforms, created chaos
Implemented religious tolerance, separation of church and state, education for all, redistribution of land to poor

23. South American Liberation
How did José de San Martín of Argentina and Simón Bolívar of Venezuela earn the name “Liberators of South America”?
• Believed South America should be liberated from Spanish rule
• Both led revolutions across the continent
• Within 14 years, liberated Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile

24. South American Liberation
Challenges Accompanying Latin American Independence
• Wars for independence resulted in many deaths and heavy losses of livestock and other property
• Border disputes caused wars between newly independent countries.
• Lack of adequate roads, transportation, and communication
• Jungles and mountains created barriers to national unity and communication.

25. Civil War in the United States
What were the effects of the Civil War on the United States?
• There was much bloodshed.
• Enslaved persons were declared “forever free.”
• Confederate forces surrendered.
• United States remained united.
• Spirit of nationalism developed, in support of “one nation, indivisible.”

26. Lesson 5 Romanticism and Realism
Chapter 10
Lesson 5
Romanticism and Realism

27. Romanticism in Art Romanticism in Art
What were chief features of art during the romantic period?
• Reflected artists' emotions and world visions
• Often depicted exotic subjects or the past, especially the Middle Ages

28. Music in the Romantic Period
How did Beethoven embody the romantic trends in music in the early nineteenth century?
• Saw himself as an artist, not a craftsman
• Created melodies that were dramatic and intense
• Put his emotions into his music so that audiences could experience the same feelings

29. Romanticism's Effect on Literature
What did literature stress in the romantic period?
• Emotion and imagination over reason
• Importance of individualism
• Misunderstood or rejected characters
• Preference for nature over machines

30. Early Socialist Utopia
Proposed design for Robert Ower's utopian community at New Harmony, Indiana

31. Early Socialist Utopia
Krupp factory in Essen, Germany

32. Early Socialist Utopia
What ideals were the early socialists striving for?
• Wealth could be distributed evenly if government controlled factory production.
• Everyone’s basic needs—food, shelter, clothing— would be met.
• Workers would be fulfilled by using their skills.

33. Realism in Art Realism in Art What was important to realist artists?
• To show everyday life
• To portray ordinary people
• To capture the way things actually look
• To find "natural beauty" in common things

34. Realism in Literature Realism in Literature
How did realist writers inspire social reform?
• Their writings examined social issues.
• They expressed their views through their characters.
• They criticized governments and traditions.

35. Wordsworth on Nature
Wordsworth on Nature
“Knowing that Nature never did betray The heart that loved her; 'tis her privilege, Through all the years of this our life, to lead From joy to joy: for she can so inform The mind that is within us, so impress With quietness and beauty, and so feed With lofty thoughts ”
—William Wordsworth
What features of romanticism do these lines by Wordsworth reveal?
• Importance of relationship with Nature
• Importance of feeling

36. “All that we see or seem Edgar Allen Poe on Dreams
Is but a dream within a dream.”
—Edgar Allan Poe
How did romantics view dreams?
• Dreams are important and should be explored.
• Dreams can help you understand yourself.