1. Ecology and evolution
Mrs. Jackie

2. Communities and ecosystem
Ecology- the study of relationship between living organisms and between them and the environment
Ecosystem- a community and its abiotic (non biological) environment.
Population- a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time and capable of interbreeding.
Species- a group of organisms which look alike, can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Community-a group of populations living and interacting with each other in a habitat
Habitat- the physical area in which individuals of a certain species can usually be found.

3. Explain how the biosphere consist of interdependent and interrelated ecosystems
Biosphere- total of all area where living things are found, including the deep ocean and the lower part of the atmosphere
Biomes- largest subunits of the biosphere

4. The biosphere Thin layer associated with the surface of the earth.
Ranges from the deep sea to a few kilometers up in the atmosphere.
Energy enters in the form of sunlight and lost in the form of heat
Matter remain in the biosphere so needs to be recycle continuously.

5. Major terrestrial biomes
Page 505 figure 2- define the following terms
Tropical forest
Savannah
Deserts
Chaparral
Temperate grassland
Temperate deciduous forest
Taiga
tundra

6. Define autotroph, heterotroph, detrivore and saprotroph.
Heterotroph= consumer: an organism which needs to eat other organisms to obtain energy and large organic molecules.
Examples are cows and whales.
Autotroph= producer: an organism that makes organic molecules from inorganic molecules using light or chemical energy.
Examples: algae and grass

7. Define autotroph, heterotroph, detrivore and saprotroph
Saprotroph: an organism that feeds on dead organic matter using extracellular digestion
There are specialized detritivores which consume cellulose and nitrogenous waste
Example fungi and bacteria
Detritivore: organisms which ingest dead organic material.
For example large scavengers, earthworms

8. Abiotic and biotic factors
Biotic- factors that results from the activities of organisms.
Abiotic-non living part of the ecosystem
Climatic factors- temperature, light, water availability
Edaphic factors- associated with the soil; texture, pH, temperature, organic content
Topographic factors- angle and aspect of a slope

9. Classwork Answer questions on pages 505 and 506.
All questions including the food for tought

10. Describe what is meant by a food chain giving three examples, each with at least three linkages
A food chain is the transfer of the sun´s energy from producers to consumers as organisms feed on one another
Examples
Seaweedlimpetstarfishseagull
Seaweedlimpetcrabseagull
Seaweedperiwinklecrabseal
Seaweedperiwinkleoctopusseal
Oakleavescaterpillarsrobinsparrowhawk
Phytoplanktonshrimpsmelt(fish)heron
Grassgrasshopperfrograt

11. Food chain

12. Define trophic level
The level of the food chain at which an organisms if found
Producer: grass (not plants this would be to vague) (first trophic level)
Primary consumer: grasshopper(second trophic level)
Secondary consumer:frog (third trophic level)
Tertiary consumer: rat

13. Define Food web Interconnected pattern of food chains in an area
periwinkle
octopus
seagull
Seaweed
crab
limpet
seal
starfish

14. Classwork
Do the quick check on page 509 (number one)

15. Construct a food web containing up t0 10 organisms, given appropriate information
Lab work

16. Light is the initial energy source for almost all communities
While materials cycle through the ecosystem energy enters and is used or changed into other forms of energy and leaves the ecosystem again.

17. Energy Flow
When energy is transferred from one trophic level to another, only approximately 10% is used for growth.
The rest is used for other metabolic activities and waste
Example
100kJ grass10kJ antelope1kJ cheetah
-Page Read
-Quick Checks and food for thought in your notebook

18. Explain what is meant by a pyramid of numbers and the reasons for its shape
Pyramid of numbers- to represent some data about the trophic levels in a certain area
Information about the number of organisms in each trophic level each required.
The width at each level represents the number of organisms in each level
Look at figure 3 page 509
Difficult to draw to scale
Inverted pyramid

19. Explain what is meant by a pyramid of biomass and the reasons for its shape
The dry mass of a trophic level needs to be measured or estimated.
Involved complete destruction of the organisms involved.
Take into account the differences in sizes between the organisms
Depends on the size of the year the sample is taken

20. Explain what is meant by a pyramid of energy and the reasons for its shape
Pyramids of energy
Will never be inverted
Express in energy per unit area per unit time
Lowest bar the gross primary production
Next bar energy ingested as food by primary consumers and so on.
Amount of energy per unit area that flows through the trophic level in a given time period

21. Energy Flow
Answer quick checks on pages
509 (2)
511 (1-3)

22. Explain that energy can enter and leave an ecosystem, but nutrients must be recycle
We constantly received energy from the sun and also constantly radiate out energy in the form of light and heat
The Earth does not received nor send out matter on a regular basis meaning that nutrients must be recycle through the ecosystem
This process requires energy