1. Basic Concepts of Economics Session Objective: l Use basic economic concepts to explain changes in natural resource base and environmental quality

2. Agenda l What is economics? l Basics of microeconomics l Three basic theories –Rational behavior –Opportunity costs –Marginal analysis l Making choices l Supply & demand model

3. What is Economics? l A social science that studies and influences human behavior l Microeconomics studies how individuals use limited resources to meet various needs and consequences of their decisions l Macroeconomics studies the determinants of aggregate level of economic activities

4. Basics of Microeconomics A fundamental contradiction in life: l Resources are limited or scarce l Human wants are unlimited or insatiable Therefore, choices must be made! Economics is about making choices!

5. Theory 1: Rational Behavior l People know what they want; l Their behaviors are consistent with what they want; l Assume information is given.

6. Opportunity Cost l The cost of anything in terms of other things given up or sacrificed. l What would you be doing right now if you did not come to this workshop? l “No pain, no gain” l “There is no such a thing as free lunch!”

7. Marginal Analysis l Effects of per unit change in activity –effects of converting another 100 ha of forests –effects of consuming another 100 kg of water –effects of catching another 100 tons of fish –effects of reducing another 100 tons of pollutants l The effects have two sides: benefits & costs

8. Diminishing Marginal Benefits l As you increase your activity while other things remain constant, the benefits from each additional unit of your activity declines. l The benefits of eating the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pizza?

9. Increasing Marginal Costs l As you increase your activity while other things remain constant, the costs of carrying out each additional unit of your activity increases. l Costs of attending to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th week of the workshop?

10. Making Choices l To do or not to do: –TB > TVC (or P>AVC) in the short run –TB > TC (or P > AC) in the long run l To do how much: until MB=MC –MB = P in perfect competition l How to do: choose the least cost combination of capital, land, labor, and technology

11. Law of Supply l The quantity supplied will increase if the price does up, holding other things constant. l This relationship reflects increasing marginal cost of supply (MC) l Determinants of supply: factors other than price that influence supply: number of producers, cost of production, and technology

12. Law of Demand l Demand will increase if the price goes down, holding other things constant. l This relationship reflects diminishing marginal benefit from consumption (MB) l Determinants of demand: factors other than price that influence demand: income, number of consumers, and preferences

13. Supply and Demand Model in a perfectly competitive market Price Quantity Supply = MC Demand = MB P’ Q’

14. Individual Producer in a perfectly competitive market Price Quantity P’Demand = MB Supply = MC Q’