1. Mitigation The evidence for the potential to use protected areas in carbon storage and capture nigel dudley equilibrium research

2. The challenge Vegetation loss is already responsible for around 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions …and furthermore… Many ecosystems that are currently sinks for CO 2 could soon “flip” and become net sources due to climate change and other human impacts

3. The opportunity Natural ecosystems offer two key functions Storing existing carbon in vegetation and soils and thus preventing further loss Capturing additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and thus reducing net greenhouse gas levels

4. Kinabatangan Nature Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia, bottom inset from Lamington NP, Australia Carbon storage Major carbon stores exist in soil, forest, peat and inland waters, grassland, mangroves, coastal marshes and sea grass Estimates for the amount of carbon stored in tropical forests range from 170-250 tonnes carbon/hectare

5. Urho Kekkosen National Park, Finland Peat is probably a larger store – an estimated 550 Gt stored globally. But 2008 emissions from degraded peat were estimated at 1,298 Mt, plus over 400 Mt from peat fires Carbon storage

6. Marine reserve at Arniston Bay, South Africa, insets from Wales, Mexico and Bahamas Mangroves, sea grass beds and salt marshes all store substantial amounts of carbon although these sources have been largely ignored until now Carbon storage

7. Nyika National Park, Malawi, insets from Uruguay and South Australia Grasslands may hold more than 10% of the total carbon in the biosphere, but mismanagement and conversion is causing major losses in places – grassland remains one of the most un- protected biomes Carbon storage

8. Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, UK, insets from Switzerland Estimates of soil carbon vary widely but it is thought to be the largest terrestrial store. Agriculture is often a source rather than sink but changes in farming (less tillage, more organic methods etc) can reverse this and help to build carbon stocks Carbon storage

9. Carbon capture Most ecosystems can also continue to capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

10. Bwindi National Park, Uganda, insets from Ecuador and Finland Both young and old forests also capture significant amounts of carbon dioxide, as do peatlands, grasslands and many marine ecosystems Recent research in the Amazon, Congo Basin and in boreal forests all show that old-growth forests continue to sequester carbon Carbon capture

11. Uruguay The success of sequestration from commercial forests depends on what the timber is used for… Carbon capture

13. Cors Dyfi Nature Reserve, Wales, restored from conifer plantation Knowledge of management needs for carbon sequestration in other habitats is also increasing fast Carbon capture

14. Amber National Park, Madagascar There is a huge potential to protect natural ecosystems to help store carbon – and to supply many other important goods and services Carbon storage and capture

15. Kinabatangan River, Sabah, Malaysia But on the other hand, many ecosystems risk switching from being sinks to sources of carbon due to degradation and climate change… Carbon storage and capture

16. Degraded peatland in west Kalimantan, Island of Borneo, Indonesia

17. Northern Canada

18. Oulanka National Park, Finland Protected areas are the most effective tool yet found for maintaining carbon in natural vegetation Carbon storage and capture

19. Implications New skills, tools and funding opportunities will be needed to make best use of available management options

21. Thank you

22. FOLLOW UP ACTIONS Proposed actionTimingResponsibility