1. Autotrophic & Heterotrophic
Nutrition
Autotrophic & Heterotrophic

2. Nutrition
Obtaining & processing materials needed for energy, growth, repair, and regulation
2 types:
Autotrophic- makes own food
Heterotrophic- takes in preformed organic compounds

3. Autotrophic Nutrition
Ability of most plants and some monerans and protists (algae) to manufacture organic compounds from inorganic raw materials.
Photosynthesis- capturing and transforming energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Light energy Glucose
(sun) (Chemical energy in bonds)

4. Significance of Photosynthesis
Is a source of chemical energy (glucose) when living things eat the photosynthetic plants!

5. Significance of Photosynthesis
Provides oxygen for all living things!

6. Process of Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue and reflects green (that’s why we see the green in plants).
“Plants are Patriotic.”
Each particle of light (that makes up the waves) is called a photon.
The shorter the wavelength, the more energy the photons have.

7. Process of Photosynthesis
Photosynthetic cells contain chloroplasts
Chloroplasts contain pigments such as chlorophyll
Pigments can be separated into component colors using chromatography
Pigments are what absorb the light
Light travels in waves, each color of light has a different wavelength (white light is composed of ROYGBIV!)

8. Photosynthesis Inorganic Organic Light Energy Chemical Energy
Reactants Products

9. Why do leaves change color???
Scar tissue forms below the leaf; prevents water and nutrients from entering the leaf. Without water and nutrients, the plant can’t produce chlorophyll, so we’re left with all the other colors in the leaf.

10. Chloroplasts

11. Chloroplasts
Stroma= dense area surrounding grana, dark reaction occurs here (carbon fixation)
Grana= stacks of parallel membranes called thylakoids (aka lamellae)
Contain chlorophyll and enzymes
Light reaction occurs here (photochemical)

12. The 2 Reactions of Photoysnthesis
Light- photochemical (occurs in grana)
Requires light (taken in by chlorophyll)
Water is ‘split” by the light energy (photolysis)
2 Water H atoms + Oxygen gas (released)
2. NADPH2 is formed (a higher energy product used to power the rest of photosynthesis in dark reactions)
NADP + H NADPH2
(a hydrogen (from water) (carried to stroma)
receptor)
NADP= nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
light

13. Light Reaction
Energy (ATP) is also formed to power the dark reactions.
ADP + P ATP =
NADPH2 & ATP go on to the dark reactions…….

14. Dark Reaction “Carbon fixation”= CO2 is “fixed” into glucose
Occurs in stroma
H2 from photolysis combines with CO2 from environment
Calvin Cycle: series of reactions when glucose is made

15. The Calvin Cycle CO2 + NADPH2 + ATP PGAL (3-C sugar)
2PGAL glucose (C6H12O6, 6-C sugar)
Carbon-14 (radioactive) has been used to trace these reactions.
PGAL= phosphoglyceraldehyde
Can also occur in the presence of light

16. Results of Photosynthesis
Oxygen used for respiration
Glucose can be:
Used for energy
Made into other compounds
Stored as complex carbohydrates (D.S) such as glycogen and starch

17. Factors Affecting Rate of Photosynthesis
Temperature (above 35˚C, denaturation occurs)
Light Intensity- if too high, stomates close to prevent water loss and no CO2 gets in
CO2 level- an increase in CO2 increases the rate
Water- an increase in water increases the rate
Light availability- green=least effective, red and blue= most effective

18. Miscellaneous
Chemosynthesis- production of glucose using CO2 instead of light (deep ocean)
Some plants are also heterotrophic, ex: venus fly trap, pitcher plant, mistletoe (parasite)

19. Structure of a Leaf Upper Epidermis- secretes cuticle (waxy layer)
Protects from water loss, damage
Pallisades Layer- most photosynthesis occurs here
Spongy Layer- air spaces, gas exchange, some photosynthesis
Mesophyll (middle layer)

20. Adaptations for Photosynthesis
Unicellular Algae
Raw materials are absorbed directly into cells by diffusion
Cells have chloroplasts
Found in oceans, lakes, ponds (near surface)
Photosynthetic Bacteria
Use hydrogen sulfide instead of water
Produce sulfur odor
Terrestrial (land) Plants
Have specialized structures for photosynthesis: LEAF= large surface area for light absorption

21. Structure of a Leaf

22. Structure of a Leaf Veins (Fibrovascular bundle)
Transport materials through leaf
Xylem transports water
Phloem transports food/glucose
Lower epidermis- contains guard cells which regulate the opening and closing of stomates (openings for passage of gases and water)

23. Stomates When filled with water= open When loses water= closed
Venus Fly Trap
When filled with water= open
When loses water= closed
Life Function= Regulation!!!
Controls water and gases enter and exit in the leaf

24. These are OPPOSITE processes……
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Uses CO2, H2O
Uses O2, glucose
Makes O2, glucose
Makes CO2, H2O
Occurs in Autotrophs
Occurs in plants and animals 24/7
These are OPPOSITE processes……
6CO H2O C6H12O H2O O2
Photosynthesis (light!)
Respiration, 36 ATP out!

25. Photosynthesis
Respiration
Function
Energy Storage (in glucose/ starch)
Energy Release
Location
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Reactants
CO2 + H2O
C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O
Products

26. Heterotrophic Nutrition
Organisms obtain preformed organic compounds from environment (refer to ingestion, digestion, and egestion in Ch. 1)
“You are what you eat!”
Your body grows rapidly, the food you eat provides the material your body needs to build cells, tissues, and organs….the atoms in food will take their place in the new cells you are building (assimilation)

27. Heterotrophic Nutrition
Even if you have stopped growing, your body is in constant need of repair.
The essential molecules in food are called nutrients
A lack of nutrients may cause disease (disruption of homeostasis).

28. 7 Groups of Nutrients
Carbohydrates energy sources; can be broken down to
Lipids produce ATP, must be broken down to enter
Proteins- must be broken down to enter cells (growth & repair)
Vitamins small enough to be absorbed by cells without being
Minerals broken down
Water
Roughage- materials body cannot digest; mostly complex carbs (cellulose, fiber, fruits & veggies); serves to push food through large intestine (egestion)

29. Misc. Terms….. Catabolism- breakdown reactions
Anabolism- build up reactions
Organic- C-H bonds
Inorganic- no C-H bonds
Intracellular- within/inside cell
Intercellular- between cells
Extracellular- outside cells

30. 2 Types of Digestion
Mechanical- food is broken into smaller pieces by cutting, grinding, or tearing
No chemical changes occur
Increase surface area exposed for chemical digestion
Occurs in mouth and stomach
Chemical- “hydrolysis”
Large molecules are changed chemically to smaller molecules
Complex carbs (disaccharides/polysaccharides) broken down to simple sugars (monosaccharides)
Lipids broken down to 3 fatty acids and glycerol
Protein broken down to amino acids

31. Human Digestive System
Continuous 1 way tract with accessory organs
AKA alimentary canal
Food moves through the system by peristalsis (wave-like muscular contractions)- Peristalsis Video
What is reverse peristalsis?????
A trip through your digestive tract- length of trip: approximately hours.

32. Parts of the Digestive System
Oral Cavity (mouth) (1 min)
Ingestion occurs
Contains teeth and tongue for mechanical digestion
Salivary glands produce saliva which contains amylase (aka ptyalin) that digests starch during chemical digestion
Pharynx (throat)
Passageway from mouth to esophagus

33. Parts of the Digestive System
Esophagus (1 min)
Food tube; connects throat to stomach
No digestion here
Swallowing initiates peristalsis
Epiglottis- flap over trachea (wind pipe) which closes when you swallow, prevents choking, inhalation of food/fluids

34. Parts of the Digestive System
Cardiac Sphincter- muscle that controls the opening from esophagus to stomach (“heartburn”)
Stomach- thick walled muscular organ
Mechanical digestion occurs when folds of the stomach (rugae) grind food.
Chemical digestion occurs here:
Lining secretes gastric juice (HCl and pepsin)
Proteins begin digestion here (protease)
Pyloric glands secrete mucus so stomach doesn’t digest itself!
Chyme- the soupy liquid formed from digestion of solids

35. Chemical Digestion in the Stomach
Caffeine and alcohol can increase HCl production
Ulcer- when the mucus layer breaks down, causing sores caused by bacteria (Helicobacter pylori), stress, diet; may bleed
Digestion in the stomach occurs for 2-6 hours for solid foods.

36. Parts of the Digestive System
Pyloric Sphincter- muscle controlling opening from stomach to intestines
Small Intestine- “small” refers to diameter, not length
6.5m long, 2.5cm in diameter
3 sections: duodenum, jejunum, and ilium
Partially digested food from stomach goes to the small intestine
Most digestion occurs here (not stomach)
All digestion is completed here

37. Small Intestine Intestinal Enzymes- maltase, protease, lipase
Pancreatic Enzymes- protease, amylase, lipase (dumped into small intestine)
Liver produces bile (stored in gall bladder) which emulsifies fats
Fat globules are broken down to smaller fat globules through mechanical digestion to increase surface area for chemical digestion
Gall stones: hard cholesterol deposits accumulated in gall bladder

39. Small Intestine
Absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine!!!
Lined with villi (fingerlike projections that increase surface area for absorption)
Capillaries absorb glucose, amino acids
Lacteals absorb: lipid end products (fatty acid, glycerol)- part of lymphatic system

40. Anatomy of the Small Intestine

41. You are what you eat!!!
Fate of Fat

42. Once absorbed by the small intestine, the body can use these nutrients for:
Energy
Synthesis
Assimilation
It takes approximately 12 hours for food to travel through the small intestine!

43. Parts of the Digestive System
8. Large Intestine (colon)
3 sections: ascending, transverse, descending
1.5m long, 6cm diameter
Water absorbed from waste (too much absorbed= constipation, too little absorbed=diarrhea)
Undigested food forced out through anus by peristalsis, these wastes are called feces
It takes 3-4 hours for food to pass through the large intestine.
FYI: The appendix= small pouch where large and small intestine join- has NO FUNCTION!

45. Summary of Digestion…. Nutrient Digestions Begins Digestion Ends
Carbohydrates
Mouth
Small Intestine
Protein
Stomach
Lipids

46. Inside Eddie Johnson

47. Disruption of Homeostasis Topic: Heterotrophic Nutrition
Mode of Disruption
Malfunction
Description
Inheritance
Lactose intolerance
Inability to digest diary products (lactose) b/c you lack the enzyme lactase; results in intestinal distress (diarrhea, can take lactaid)
Toxic Substances
Food poisoning: caused by bacteria such as E. coli & salmonella
Toxins released by bacteria cause intestinal distress & kidney disease
Poor Nutrition
Deficiency diseases: scurvy, rickets, & goiter
Lack of a vitamin or mineral in diet. Results in poor general health- need to supplement diet.

48. Disruption of Homeostasis Topic: Heterotrophic Nutrition
Mode of Disruption
Malfunction
Description
Organ Function
Gall Stones
Constipation/ Diarrhea
-Accumulation of hardened cholesterol, results in disruption of bile secretion
-Too little or too much water in diet
Personal Behavior
Eating Disorders:
-anorexia
-bulemia
- Robs your body of essential nutrients, leads to poor general health, ulcers, and death
Infectious Disease
Tapeworm (contracted when we ingest larva in uncooked or undercooked meat- if the animal had tapeworm)
-Worm grows in intestinal tract
Robs your body of nutrients
Leads to deficiency diseases