1. CHAPTER 2: EUROPEAN EXPLORERS IN THE AMERICAS 1492-1650
Mr Owen
ICCS Middle School
7th grade American History

2. CHAPTER 2: EUROPEAN EXPLORERS IN AMERICA
After Columbus’s first voyages to the New World in 1492, many other European followed, changing the world forever.
Societies from the New World would be conquered by Spanish explorers and Spain would become rich
Other European countries wanted to get their own share, leading to conflict
Colonists begin to bring African slaves across the ocean to work on plantations

3. SECTION 1: SPAIN CLAIMS AN EMPIRE
Vocabulary
Mercantilism – an economic system based on creating a favorable balance of trade
Conquistador – a Spanish soldier that explored and claimed land for Spain
Missionary – a person sent by the church to convert people to Christianity
People
Christopher Columbus – navigator looking for a water route to Asia
Hernando Cortes –conquistador who defeated the Aztecs
Amerigo Vespucci – Italian sailor that explored the Americas
Francisco Pizarro – conquistador who defeated the Incas

4. WHO REALLY DISCOVERED THE AMERICAS?
Columbus?
The Vikings?
Amerigo Vespucci?
Clovis people?
The Native Americans?

5. RE-DISCOVERING THE AMERICAS
What: Explorers looking for a quicker route to trade with Asia
Who: Henry the Navigator; Christopher Columbus; sailors from Europe (Spain, Portugal, Italy)
When: beginning in 1492
Where: from Europe across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas
How: in large sailing ships that took weeks to cross the ocean
Why: see next slide

6. WHY DID THEY WANT TO EXPLORE THE AMERICAS?
To find a quicker route to Asia
Others were jealous of Italy’s trade with China
To find gold, silver gems and other valuables
Increase the wealth of their country
To claim new land for their country
Mercantilism; raw materials to send home and markets for finished goods
To convert people to Christianity
Missionaries believed they were on a mission from God
For adventure
And who doesn’t like adventure?

8. CONQUERING THE AMERICAS
The Spanish wanted to take control of Central and South America and sent conquistadors to the New World.
They conquered the Aztecs in Mexico and the Incas in Peru
They did this by making alliances with other tribes, spreading of European diseases killing millions of Native Americans and with better technology & weapons

9. SPANISH CONQUISTADORS
Hernando Cortes (Aztecs)
Francisco Pizarro (Incas)

12. HOMEWORK Section assessment questions on page 33, # 3, 4 & 6 only
Vocabulary for chapter2 section 2 in your notes for tomorrow on page 34

13. SECTION 2: EUROPEAN COMPETITION IN NORTH AMERICA
Vocabulary
Galleon – sailing ship
Spanish Armada – large fleet of ships sent to invade England
People
Henry Hudson – English explorer in New York
John Cabot - Italian explorer in Canada
Giovanni de Verrazano - Italian explorer trying to find water route to Asia
Jacques Cartier – French explorer in Canada
Samuel de Champlain – French explorer in Canada
Places
New France – first permanent French settlement in NA
New Netherlands – first permanent Dutch settlement in NA

14. THE RACE TO EXPLORE NORTH AMERICA
What: other European countries looking for a quick route to wealth and to Asia
Who: The English & French; men like Hudson, Cabot & Cartier
When: 1500s
Where: northern US and around Canada
How: explorers tried sailing around Canada and up the St Lawrence Seaway to try to get to Asia
Why: other European countries were jealous of Spain’s success and wealth and tried to find profit in North America

16. SPAIN RESPONDS TO COMPETITION
Spain and the other European countries eventually came into conflict over wealth and resources in North America
Spanish conquistadors in Southeast US (Florida) fought English and French explorers
Spain also sent an armada to block England from sending more ships
England defeated the armada, showing:
1. Spain can be beaten
2. England is becoming powerful

19. FRENCH AND DUTCH ESTABLISH COLONIES
French explorers like de Champlain explore Canada and start outposts like Quebec
Home to fur traders and religious missionaries
Allied with some Native Americans in trade; fought other enemy tribes
Dutch explorers explore areas around New York
New York City used to be called New Amsterdam

21. WHERE ARE MOST OF THE SETTLEMENTS?

22. HOMEWORK Section assessment question from page 39, # 3, 4 & 5
Put vocabulary from chapter 2 section 3 on page 40 in your notes

23. SECTION 3: THE SPANISH AND NATIVE AMERICANS
Vocabulary
Encomienda – grant of Native American slave labor
Hacienda – large farm or estate
Mission – settlement created by Spanish church to try to convert NAs to Christianity
Plantation – large farm that raises a cash crop
Export – things send out for sale or trade
Columbian Exchange – transfer of plants, animals and diseases from Western (New World) to Eastern (Old World) hemispheres

24. THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
What: bringing plants, animals and diseases from Europe to the Americas and from the Americas to Europe
When: beginning in the 1500s
How: brought over by sailors and explorers on ships and taken back to Europe
Some things are traded for while others escape and got out of control
Why: Many people’s lives changed because of the Columbian exchange. Some good and some bad
Many things we eat today would not have existed if these 2 worlds had not met.

25. THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
New World
Old World

26. WHAT DID YOU EAT TODAY?

27. SPANISH COLONIES IN THE AMERICAS
The Spanish quickly began to set up colonies in the New World
They grew crops to send back to Spain
Many of these crops were grown on large plantations and required slave labor
The Spanish kept tight control of the colonies and many Native Americans and enslaved Africans suffered

28. THE CHURCH IN SPANISH COLONIES
The Spanish also sent missionaries from the Catholic church to the New World
They wanted to convert the Native Americans to Catholicism
The Native Americas did not like being forced to adopt the new religion and many rebelled

30. HOMEWORK
Write an ID using the notes we have taken in the chapter to turn in
Section 4 vocabulary in your notes or on note cards
Review on Tuesday 9/11
Test on Wednesday 9/12

31. SECTION 4: BEGINNINGS OF SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS
Vocabulary
Slavery – the practice of one person being owned by another
Middle passage – middle leg of triangular trade that brought captive Africans to the Americas as slaves
Slave codes – laws passed to regulate the treatment of slaves
Racism – belief that some people are inferior because of their race
Maroon – a runaway or fugitive slave

32. THE SLAVE TRADE AND THE MIDDLE PASSAGE
What: the practice of buying & selling people to be used as free/cheap labor
Who: Europeans buying & selling Africans; Africans selling other Africans
When: beginning in the 1500s
Where: going from Africa to the Americas; to work on large plantation farms
How: Africans would capture other Africans and sell them to Europeans to be taken to the Americas to work as slaves
Why: see next slide

33. WHY USE AFRICANS AS SLAVES?
They are immune to most Europeans diseases
They have no friends or family in the Americans to help them escape or resist
Provide a permanent source of free/cheap labor
Including children
Many Africans had worked on farms in their native lands and had the skills

36. Sold into slavery
Sold at auction

37. SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS
The practice of slavery grew in the Americas
In some places the number of Africans outnumbered the Europeans
Slave codes were passed that had harsh punishments for slaves if they tried to rebel
Because of all this slavery, Europeans begin to think of themselves as superior and look down on the Africans as inferior
Racism begins to take hold in the Americas

39. WRAP UP: HOW DID EUROPEANS CHANGE LIFE IN THE AMERICAS
WRAP UP: HOW DID EUROPEANS CHANGE LIFE IN THE AMERICAS? (SEE CHART ON PAGE 51)
Causes
Effects
European Explorers
Establish colonies
Compete for colonies
Columbian exchange
Introduced slavery
Expand empires and grow in wealth and power
Spread of Christianity and culture; many natives die
Growth of English colonies
New food item introduced to both societies
Provide free/cheap labor; racism grows

40. HOMEWORK Key idea questions on page 54 – # 19, 21, 22, 25, 26 & 27
Review: Tuesday 9/11
Test: Wednesday 9/12

41. CONQUERING THE AMERICAS
What: The Spanish take control of Central and South America
Who: Spanish conquistadors versus Native Americans (Aztecs and Incas)
When: early 1500s AD
Where: The Aztecs in Mexico and the Incas in Peru
How: by making alliances with their enemies, spread of European diseases killing millions of Native Americans, better technology & weapons
Why: to control the people and the land and resources

42. SPAIN RESPONDS TO COMPETITION
What: conflict between Spanish conquistadors and other Europeans
Who: Spanish fighting the English and French
When: mid 1500s
Where: Southeast US (Florida) & in Europe
How: Spanish conquistadors fight other Europeans in the New World; back in Europe an armada from Spain threatens England but is defeated
Why: the defeat of the Spanish armada shows
1. Spain can be beaten
2. England is becoming powerful