1. Norms and Social Structure
Unit 1 (Chapters 3&4)

2. Traditional American Values
Personal Achievement, Work, Individualism
Morality and Humanitarianism
Examples?
Efficiency and Practicality
Progress and Material Comfort
Success through Hard Work
Equality and Democracy
Equal opportunity and Earning Respect/Success
Freedom

3. Enforcing Norms Internalization Sanctions
Process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality
Sanctions
Rewards and punishments used to enforce conformity to the norms

4. ENFORCEMENT OF SOCIAL NORMS
Sanctions: rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms
Internalization: how a norm becomes part of a person’s personality, causing them to conform to society’s expectations
Positive: action that rewards a particular kind of behavior
Negative: punishment or the threat of punishment to enforce conformity
Formal: reward or punishment by a formal organization or regulatory agency, such as a school
Informal: spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval by an individual or group

5. Social Structure Key Questions
What is “Social Structure”?
What are the two major components of social structure?
How do these two components of social structure affect human interaction?

6. Status and Roles Firefighter Mother P.T.A. President Status
Examples of Roles
Examples of Conflict / Strain
Put out fires, save lives, wear a uniform
Voluntarily puts self in danger, but has loved ones who need him or her
Firefighter
Provide food and shelter, nurture family, discipline children
Fatigue and long shifts make household tasks and interactions difficult
Mother
Run meetings, recruit new members, plan activities
Has trouble getting members to attend and follow through on promises
P.T.A. President

7. Social Structure
Exchange—interacting in an effort to receive a reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition—two or more people or groups are in opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict—deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person

8. Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation—stabilize social structure
Cooperation—two or more people or groups working together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one of them
Accommodation—a state of balance between cooperation and conflict
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation—stabilize social structure
Competition and Conflict—can disrupt social structure

9. Competition Exchange Conflict Cooperation Accommodation Types of
Social Interactions
Conflict
Cooperation
Accommodation

10. Societies
Preindustrial—food production is the main economic activity; can be subdivided according to the level of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial—emphasis shifts from the production of food to the production of manufactured goods, made possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial—much of the economy is involved in providing information and services

11. Preindustrial Industrial Postindustrial
Types of Societies
Hunting and gathering; pastoral; horticultural; mechanical solidarity
Manufacturing; urbanization; technology
Organic solidarity
Information;
provision of services

12. Types of Societies (Characteristics)
Leadership, Family, Work, Specialization, Trade (Mead, Murdock)
2 types of Groups in Society
Primary, Secondary

13. Groups Primary Secondary
Interact over a long period of time on a direct and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into account
Relationships are intimate and often face-to-face
Communication is deep and intense
Structure is informal
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the individual’s self
Casual
Limited in personal involvement
Individual can be replaced easily

14. GROUP FUNCTIONS Define Boundaries Select Leaders Assign Tasks
Set Goals
Make Decisions
Control Members’ Behavior

15. The Structure of Formal Organizations
Head of the Bureaucracy
(CEO, Superintendent, president, etc.)
(subordinates)
Department Head/VP
Department Head/VP
(subordinates)

16. Max Weber Division of labor Ranking of authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement

17. Bureaucracy Effectiveness
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of people, defining tasks and rewards
Provide stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and result in oligarchies
In some instances, reward incompetence and expand uncontrollably