1. Welcome to the AP Human Geography Saturday Cram Session
Grab a packet, you need a pen/cil

2. AP TEST Part I. Multiple Choice 75 Questions in 60 minutes
Part II. Free Response Questions (FRQs)
3 FRQ’s in 75 minutes

3. AP Review Models

4. To practice FRQ’s Google AP Central.. Go to website
AP Courses and Exams
Course Home Pages
AP Human
AP Human Exam Info
Click on any year to see the questions and answer guidelines

5. The Demographic Transition
: The demographic transition consists of four stages, which move from high birth and death rates, to declines first in birth rates then in death rates, and finally to a stage of low birth and death rates. Population growth is most rapid in the second stage.

13. Ravenstein’s Migration Laws
1. Most relocate a short distance and remain within same country
2. Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity
3. Each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow.
4. Natives of towns are less migratory than those from rural areas.
5. Females are more migratory than males.
6. Economic factors are the main cause of migration.

14. Human capital theory of migration: that educated workers often migrate from poor to wealthy countries. This benefits both countries.
Life Course theory of migration: the interaction of major life events (marriage, having a baby, divorce, college grad) with migration have major repercussions on a society.
ex. Married individuals less likely to move than singles. Families with more kids move less

15. U.S. Immigration Patterns
U.S. has more foreign-born residents than any other country: approximately 43 million as of 2010—growing by 1 million annually.
Three main eras of immigration in the U.S.
1. Colonial settlement in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
2. Mass European immigration in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries (in 3 waves)
3. Asian and Latin American integration in the late Twentieth and early twenty-first centuries
First era was marked by immigration from Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa. Most from Africa were forced to migrate as slaves.
In the beginning of the second era, most migrants came from northern and western Europe. By the turn of the 20th Century, most migrants came from southern and eastern Europe.
Third era marked a shift in the sending continents. Asia and Latin America were primary places of migrant origins.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. Possibilism v. Environmental Determinism
aspects of physical geography, particularly climate/vegetation, influenced the psychological mind-set of individuals, which in turn defined the behavior and culture of the society that those individuals formed.
Possibilism- the theory in geography that human behavior, and therefore culture, is not merely determined by the environment but by human agency and innovation

19. Language Family Map

20. Language Family Trees
FIGURE 5-3LANGUAGE FAMILY TREE Language families with at least 10 million speakers according to Ethnologue are shown as trunks of trees. Some language families are divided into branches and groups. Individual languages that have more than 5 million speakers are shown as leaves. Below ground level, the language tree’s “roots” are shown, but these are speculative because they predated recorded history.
Fig. 5-3: Family trees and estimated numbers of speakers for the main world language families.

21. Major Language Families Percentage of World Population
Fig. 5-11a: The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s people.

22. Kurgan Theory of Indo-European Origin
Marija Gimbutas postulated:
Kurgan people came from steppe region of Russia and Kazakhstan BC
used horses as weapons to conquer much of Europe and South Asia
In short, war and conquest spread language
Fig. 5-9: In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7,000 years ago.

23. Anatolian Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin
Fig. 5-10: In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey around 2,000 years before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.

24. World Religions
FIGURE 6-3 WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF RELIGIONS The pie charts show the share of major religions in each world region.

25. FIGURE 6-4 ADHERENTS OF WORLD RELIGIONS Nonreligious includes atheists and agnostics.

26. Self-Sufficiency Approach
Also known as “balanced growth”
Elements
Country spreads investment equally across all sectors and regions of its economy
High tariffs protect domestic industries
Price supports (subsidies) for farmers
Reducing poverty is primary goal
Problems
Inefficiency
Large (and expensive) bureaucracies

27. Rostow’s Dev. Model 1. Traditional society
High % of labor force in agri
Output consumed by producers (subsistence)
Wealth used for “nonproductive” activities
Military
Religion

28. Rostow’s Dev. Model 2. Preconditions for takeoff
Elite group initiate innovated econ activities
Investment in new tech and infrastructure for specific industries
Goal is to prepare this industry to compete in world markets

29. Rostow’s Dev. Model 3. Takeoff Rapid growth in area of investment
Industry develops
Infrastructure develops to support it
Labor force moves from farming to urban manufacturing
Rest of econ still traditional

30. Rostow’s Dev. Model 4. Drive to Maturity
Modern tech diffuse to wide variety of industries
Making more industries better able to compete in world market
Education and skills diffused to wide segments of population
Entrepreneur class beginning to generate and operate on own

31. Rostow’s Dev. Model 5. Age of Mass consumption
Shift of econ from heavy industry to consumer goods
Country is now developed
Examples of countries using this: Japan, Asian Tigers, Saudi Arabia, UAE, etc(SW Asia countries) who focus on OIL industry

32. 2 1 3 4 5 Which basic shape are they? Can you name the country?
Do you know the pro’s and con’s of each shape? 2 1 3 4 5

33. Government Systems Democracy Autocracy : monarchy or dictatorship
Anocracy: combination of demo and auto
Theocracy?
Government by religion. Example?
Islamic Republic of Iran, Vatican City
Oligarchy?
Rule by a few

35. Governments… Federal v. Unitary
Unitary System: most power placed with the central government. Examples?
China, Cuba, France, Yemen, Afghanistan
Most countries fit here
Federal System: power is allocated from a central government to smaller regional units
USA, Russia, Pakistan, Australia, Switzerland, Brazil, Iraq

36. EXCLAVE- a bounded territory that is part of a particular state but is separated from it by the territory of a different state.
Example: Nakhijaven, Azerbaijan
ENCLAVE- any small, relatively homogenous group, region or state surrounded by another larger region or state
Example: Lesotho

37. C is A's exclave, but is not an enclave of B or D
C is A's exclave, and B's enclave
C is A's exclave, but is not an enclave of B or D

38. Theories of global power Hegemony
Heartland Theory:
Sir Halford Mackinder (early 20th century)
The Eurasian landmass is the world’s heartland/center and thus the key to world domination
Rimland Theory: Nicholas Spykman
The Eurasian rim, not its heart, is the key to global power

40. Other economic theories
Dependency Theory- based on an idea that countries on the periphery provide resources to countries in the core. A reaction to Rostow’s modernization
World Systems Theory- based on the idea of core, periphery and semi-periphery– creating the international division of labor. Does not focus on nations/states– but global or macro analysis

42. Least Cost Theory- businesses will locate where profit is maximized based on labor, transportation, and agglomeration.
Locational Interdependence Theory- that business competitors, in trying to maximize profits, will seek to constrain each other's territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another in the middle of their collective customer base. Example?
mattress anyone?

43. 1st Agricultural Revolution-
(Neolithic Revolution between10-12,000 years ago), invention of agriculture- rise of civilization
2nd Agricultural Revolution-
( coincided with IR), better farming techniques and tools– shift from subsistence to commercial ag.
3rd Agricultural Revolution
(mid 20th Century)- biotechnology, use of science and chemicals, genetically modified seeds, etc.

44. Von Thünen Model & Access to Markets
Fig : Von Thünen’s model shows how distance from a city or market affects the choice of agricultural activity in (a) a uniform landscape and (b) one with a river.

45. Burgess Concentric Zone Model
Middle Class
Immigrant / Low Income Housing
Working Class Housing
Suburbia
Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings surrounding the CBD.

46. Similarities b/t Burgess Model
&
von Thunen Model
Prior to the development of modern transportation systems, how was the cost of land affected by its distance from market?
How has modern transportation systems affected the cost of land relative to its distance from market?

47. Sector Model
Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD.

48. Multiple Nuclei Model
Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers, around which different people and activities cluster.

49. Creation of a border
Phase 1: definition- when the exact location is legally described an negotiated
Phase 2: delimitation: when the boundary is drawn onto a map
Phase 3: demarcation:when the boundary is visibly marked on a landscape with a fence, wall, sign, etc.

50. Core and Periphery

52. United Nations Millennium Goals
Millennium Development Goals Eight Goals for 2015
1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2 Achieve universal primary education
3 Promote gender equality and empower women
4 Reduce child mortality
5 Improve maternal health
6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7 Ensure environmental sustainability
8 Develop a global partnership for development

53. Helpful video links

54. Review links
AP, AP Central, Human Geography, Exam Information,
Human Geography study cards and games
Human Geography vocabulary

55. Vocabulary- Development
Agglomeration
Alfred Weber
Backwash effect
Bulk/Weight gaining
Bulk/weight reducing
Commodification
Comparative advantage
Conglomerate corporation
Dependency theory
Development
Development gap
Footloose industries
GDP
High-tech corridor
Industrialization
Informal sector
Multinational corporation
New international division of labor
Nongovernmental organization
North-South Split
Quaternary
Secondary
Spatially variable costs
Special economic zone
Substitution principle

56. Vocabulary: Population/Migration
Remittance
Replacement level fertility
Seasonal movement
1st Agricultural Revolution
Space-time compression
2nd Agricultural Revolution
Spatial Interaction
Net-in migration
Step migration
Graying population
NIR
TFR
One-child policy
Thomas Malthus
Infrastructure
Pandemic
Transhumance
Intervening obstacle
Place desirability
Underpopulation
Population explosion
Involuntary migration
Physiological density
Migration
Pull-factor
Vocabulary: Population/Migration

57. Vocabulary—Culture Independent innovation Islam Acculturation Judaism
Koran/Q’uran
Nonmaterial components
Perceptual regions
Polytheistic
Possibilism
Relocation diffusion
Siddhartha Gautama
Standard language
Stimulus diffusion
Theocracy
Acculturation
Assimilation
Caste system
Christianity
Cultural geography
Cultural landscape
Culture complex
Culture hearth
Denomination
Diaspora
Ethnic religion
Ethnocentrism
Genocide

58. Vocabulary – Political Geography
Benelux
Centripetal forces
Compact
Delimitation
Ethnonationalism
Federalism
Forward Capital
Frontier
Geopolitics
Heartland Theory
Imperialism
Median line principle
Mercantilism
Multinational state
Nation
New World Order
Operational boundary dispute
Perforated
Sovereignty
State
Subsequent boundary
Territorial morphology
Territoriality
Warsaw Pact
World-systems analysis

59. Vocab. Agriculture/Rural Land
Agribusiness
Agriculture
Capital-Intensive farming
Commercial farming
Dairying
Debt-for-nature swaps
Double cropping
Enclosure movement
Extensive subsistence ag.
1st Agricultural Revolution
Green Revolution
Hunters and gatherers
Intensive Subsistence
Mediterranean Ag.
Milkshed
Mixed crop and livestock
Plantation agriculture
Ranching
Seed Agriculture
Shifting cultivation
Slash and Burn
Third Agricultural Rev.
Transhumance
Undernutrition
Vegetative planting

60. Settlements/Urbanization
Bid-rent curve
Shock city
CBD
Spatial competition
Cumulative causation
Squatter settlement
Edge city
Street morphology
Ghettoization
Suburbanization
Hinterland
Threshold
Megacity
Uneven development
Megalopolis
Urban banana
Micropolitan statistical area
Urban hierarchy
Periferico
Urbanization
Primacy
World city
Racial steering
Zone in transition
Range of goods