1. Chapter 24 Clickers Conceptual Integrated Science Second Edition © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Earth's Surface—Land and Water

2. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. How much of the globe is covered by dry land rather than (liquid or solid) water? a)30% b)50% c)75% d)15%

3. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. How much of the globe is covered by dry land rather than (liquid or solid) water? a)30% b)50% c)75% d)15% Explanation: About 75% of Earth is covered by ocean and 10% of the land surface is topped by ice. Exposed dry land is relatively scarce.

4. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is NOT one of the tectonic stresses experienced by Earth's crust? a)Compression. b)Tension. c)Erosion. d)Shear.

5. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is NOT one of the tectonic stresses experienced by Earth's crust? a)Compression. b)Tension. c)Erosion. d)Shear. Explanation: Erosion is a process that shapes Earth by acting at the planet's surface; erosion is NOT a result of plate tectonics. By contrast, the movement of tectonic plates DOES produce compressional, tensional, and shear stress.

6. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. When rock deforms elastically, a)it is permanently deformed after stress is removed. b)it returns to its original size and shape after stress is removed. c)it stretches irreversibly, even after stress is removed. d)it fractures along planes of weakness when stress is applied.

7. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. When rock deforms elastically, a)it is permanently deformed after stress is removed. b)it returns to its original size and shape after stress is removed. c)it stretches irreversibly, even after stress is removed. d)it fractures along planes of weakness when stress is applied. Explanation: Elastic means behavior like a rubber band—it returns to original size and shape after stressed and released.

8. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. When rock deforms plastically, a)it is permanently deformed after stress is removed. b)it returns to its original size and shape after stress is removed. c)it stretches irreversibly, even after stress is removed. d)it fractures along planes of weakness when stress is applied.

9. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. When rock deforms plastically, a)it is permanently deformed after stress is removed. b)it returns to its original size and shape after stress is removed. c)it stretches irreversibly, even after stress is removed. d)it fractures along planes of weakness when stress is applied. Explanation: Plastic means behavior like chewing gum—it stays deformed when stressed and released.

10. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. When rock is stressed beyond its elastic limit, a)minerals undergo retrograde metamorphism. b)the rock loses heat. c)a new elastic limit is established. d)it deforms plastically or breaks.

11. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. When rock is stressed beyond its elastic limit, a)minerals undergo retrograde metamorphism. b)the rock loses heat. c)a new elastic limit is established. d)it deforms plastically or breaks. Explanation: Folds and faults form when the elastic limit is surpassed. Cold rock is more brittle than warm rock, so warm rock deforms plastically to produce folds, and cold rock breaks to produce faults. Confining pressure also plays a role in determining elastic and plastic limits.

12. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Rock in the center (or core) of a syncline is a)younger than rock horizontally away from the center. b)the same age as rock horizontally away from the center. c)older than rock horizontally away from the center. d)younger or older than rock horizontally away from the center.

13. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Rock in the center (or core) of a syncline is a)younger than rock horizontally away from the center. b)the same age as rock horizontally away from the center. c)older than rock horizontally away from the center. d)younger or older than rock horizontally away from the center. Explanation: Think of a syncline as being shaped like a bowl. Sedimentary rocks are deposited horizontally with newer, younger rock on top of older rock. Flatten out the bowl by squishing and spreading it out. If the bowl was layered rock, can you see that younger rock forms the outside or "upper" part (deposited last)?

14. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Rock in the center (or core) of an anticline is a)younger than rock horizontally away from the center. b)the same age as rock horizontally away from the center. c)older than rock horizontally away from the center. d)younger or older than rock horizontally away from the center.

15. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Rock in the center (or core) of an anticline is a)younger than rock horizontally away from the center. b)the same age as rock horizontally away from the center. c)older than rock horizontally away from the center. d)younger or older than rock horizontally away from the center. Explanation: Think of an anticline as shaped like an "A" or an upside-down bowl. Sedimentary rocks are deposited horizontally with newer, younger rock on top of older rock. Flatten out the "A" by squishing and spreading it out. If the "A" was layered rock, can you see that younger rock forms the outside or "upper" part (deposited last)?

16. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Normal faults are the result of a)compression. b)tension. c)shear. d)a combination of compression, tension, and shear.

17. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Normal faults are the result of a)compression. b)tension. c)shear. d)a combination of compression, tension, and shear. Explanation: The production of normal faults is one way that Earth's crust stretches.

18. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Reverse faults are the result of a)compression. b)tension. c)shear. d)a combination of compression, tension, and shear.

19. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Reverse faults are the result of a)compression. b)tension. c)shear. d)a combination of compression, tension, and shear. Explanation: The production of reverse faults is one way that Earth's crust thickens.

20. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. For a normal fault, the hanging wall moves a)sideways. b)obliquely. c)up. d)down.

21. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. For a normal fault, the hanging wall moves a)sideways. b)obliquely. c)up. d)down. Explanation: A block of rock of a certain size will be lengthened horizontally if a fault forms and the hanging wall moves down. Normal faults are the result of tension.

22. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. For a reverse fault, the hanging wall moves a)sideways. b)obliquely. c)up. d)down.

23. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. For a reverse fault, the hanging wall moves a)sideways. b)obliquely. c)up. d)down. Explanation: A block of rock of a certain size will be shortened horizontally if a fault forms and the hanging wall moves up. Reverse faults are the result of compression.

24. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Mountains are grouped into all the following classifications EXCEPT a)normal-thrust mountains. b)folded mountains. c)upwarped mountains. d)fault-block mountains.

25. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Mountains are grouped into all the following classifications EXCEPT a)normal-thrust mountains. b)folded mountains. c)upwarped mountains. d)fault-block mountains.

26. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of volcanoes? a)Composite cone. b)Shield volcano. c)Cinder cone. d)Ash cone.

27. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of volcanoes? a)Composite cone. b)Shield volcano. c)Cinder cone. d)Ash cone.

28. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Composite cones are formed by the eruption of a)fluid basaltic lava. b)alternating layers of lava, ash, and mud. c)ash, cinders, glass, and lava fragments. d)massive amounts of ash.

29. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Composite cones are formed by the eruption of a)fluid basaltic lava. b)alternating layers of lava, ash, and mud. c)ash, cinders, glass, and lava fragments. d)massive amounts of ash. Explanation: A composite cone is so named because it consists of layers of differing consistency.

30. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Plains and plateaus are both flat landforms. How do they differ from one another? a)Elevation b)Geologic history c)Elevation and geologic history d)Geographical location

31. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Plains and plateaus are both flat landforms. How do they differ from one another? a)Elevation b)Geologic history c)Elevation and geologic history d)Geographical location Explanation: Plains are located at the bases of the mountain ranges that produce the sediment that composes them. Plateaus are pieces of crust that have been tectonically uplifted.

32. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is most of Earth's fresh water found? a)Lakes. b)Ice caps and glaciers. c)Rivers. d)Underground.

33. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is most of Earth's fresh water found? a)Lakes. b)Ice caps and glaciers. c)Rivers. d)Underground. Explanation: 79% of Earth's fresh water is currently locked up in ice! Less than 21% has the potential for use by land-based life.

34. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. What is the source of the energy that drives the hydrologic cycle? a)The Sun, through the process of condensation. b)The Sun, through the process of precipitation. c)The Sun, through the process of warming. d)The Sun, through the process of evaporation.

35. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. What is the source of the energy that drives the hydrologic cycle? a)The Sun, through the process of condensation. b)The Sun, through the process of precipitation. c)The Sun, through the process of warming. d)The Sun, through the process of evaporation. Explanation: To drive the water cycle, billions of tons of water must of lifted into the sky. This involves breaking the hydrogen bonds between liquid water molecules as well as lifting them up. All this takes energy! The Sun supplies it. The energy pumped into the evaporated water is spent by the water when it falls back to Earth, as it moves across and reworks the land.

36. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The continental rise is a)the elevated land next to a beach. b)the sloping region between the continental shelf and deep ocean. c)areas just barely above sea level. d)the wedge of sediment at the base of the continental slope.

37. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The continental rise is a)the elevated land next to a beach. b)the sloping region between the continental shelf and deep ocean. c)areas just barely above sea level. d)the wedge of sediment at the base of the continental slope. Explanation: The continental rise is created by submarine "landslides" called turbidity currents.

38. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Earth's longest topographical feature is the a)Ocean trench system b)Himalayan mountain range c)Midocean Ridge d)Mid-Atlantic Ridge

39. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Earth's longest topographical feature is the a)Ocean trench system b)Himalayan mountain range c)Midocean Ridge d)Mid-Atlantic Ridge

40. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The compound that constitutes the majority of dissolved substances in ocean water is a)sodium sulfate. b)magnesium chloride. c)sodium chloride. d)sodium fluoride.

41. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The compound that constitutes the majority of dissolved substances in ocean water is a)sodium sulfate. b)magnesium chloride. c)sodium chloride. d)sodium fluoride.

42. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Precipitation that does not infiltrate becomes a)groundwater. b)the water table. c)soil moisture. d)runoff.

43. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Precipitation that does not infiltrate becomes a)groundwater. b)the water table. c)soil moisture. d)runoff. Explanation: If water does not infiltrate, it stays on the surface and flows downslope.

44. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The maximum amount of water a particular soil can hold is determined by the a)porosity. b)permeability. c)degree of saturation. d)amount of recharge.

45. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The maximum amount of water a particular soil can hold is determined by the a)porosity. b)permeability. c)degree of saturation. d)amount of recharge. Explanation: Porosity is the percentage of open space in a soil. Water can only occupy open spaces—the higher the porosity, the larger the amount of water that can be held.

46. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The maximum amount of water that can flow through a particular soil is determined by the a)porosity. b)permeability. c)degree of saturation. d)amount of recharge.

47. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The maximum amount of water that can flow through a particular soil is determined by the a)porosity. b)permeability. c)degree of saturation. d)amount of recharge.

48. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Antarctic Ice Sheet is a)a continental glacier. b)contains about 90% of the glacial ice on the planet. c)nearly covers a continent. d)All of the above

49. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Antarctic Ice Sheet is a)a continental glacier. b)contains about 90% of the glacial ice on the planet. c)nearly covers a continent. d)All of the above

50. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. An example of nonpoint water pollution is a)heat from a nuclear power plant. b)arsenic from a mine. c)plastic bags in the ocean. d)dead fish downstream from a factory.

51. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. An example of nonpoint water pollution is a)heat from a nuclear power plant. b)arsenic from a mine. c)plastic bags in the ocean. d)dead fish downstream from a factory. Explanation: Plastic bags come from a multitude of sources. Pollution from distributed, hard-to-pinpoint sources is non-point pollution.