1. A Living Planet

2. Earth’s Core Earth’s core is made of iron and nickel.
The mantle is the next layer and contains most of the earth’s mass.
The crust is the thin layer of rock on the earth’s surface.

3. On and Above the Earth

4. Surrounding the earth is a layer of gases called the atmosphere.
It contains the oxygen we breath and protects us from radiation

5. Lithosphere This is the solid rock portion of the earth.
Includes the crust and the uppermost mantle.

6. Hydrosphere
This is the water elements of the earth.

7. Bodies of Water and Landforms
Ocean covers 71% of the earth’s surface.
Salty water in the ocean circulates through 3 basic motions- currents, waves, and tides.
Lakes hold 95% of the earth’s fresh water.

8. Hydrologic Cycle

9. Ground water Water held in the pores of rock is called ground water.
Water table is the level of where the rock has been saturated by the water.

10. Landforms Naturally formed features on the surface of the earth.
Earth’s surface from the edge of a continent to the deep part of the ocean is called continental shelf.

11. Landforms continued…
The major geographic feature that separates one type of landform from another is relief.
Relief- is the difference in elevation of a landform from its lowest point to its highest point.
Topography- combination of the surface shape and composition of the landforms and their distribution in a region.

12. Shaping the earth

13. Plate Movement
Divergent Boundary- Plates move apart spreading Horizontally
Convergent Boundary- Plates collide causing either one to dive under the other
Transform Boundary- plates slide past one another

14. Weathering
Physical and Chemical processes that change the characteristics of rock on or near the earth’s surface.
Sediment- Weathering process causes smaller and smaller pieces of rock called sediment.

15. Chemical Weathering
This occurs when rock is changed into a new substance as a result of interaction between elements in the air or water and minerals in the rock.

16. Mechanical Weathering
Process that breaks rock down into smaller pieces.

17. Erosion
Occurs when weathered material is moved by wind, water, ice, or gravity.

18. Soil
Soil is the loose mixture of weathered rock.

19. Soil Factors
Parent Material- chemical composition of the original rock, or parent rock, before it decomposes affects its fertility.
Relief- Steeper slopes, eroded easily, do not produce good soil.
Organisms- plants, small animals, and bacteria that decompose material.
Climate- Difference in climates produces different soils.
Time- Amount of time to produce soil varies.