1. Study of ANTIDIABETIC activity of some medicinal PLANTS

2. Contents 1.Introduction 2.Type 3.Causes 4.Pathophysiology 5.Symptoms
6.Management
7.Treatment
8.Herbal Treatment
9.Conclusion
10.References

3. 1.Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is the major endocrine disorder affecting nearly 2.5%of the population all over the world. It is deadly disease that affects estimated 300 million people worldwide.
In the indigenous Indian system of medicine, good number of plants were mentioned for the cure of diabetes.

4. 1.What is diabetes?
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels, that result from defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both.
commonly referred to as diabetes was first identified as a disease associated with "sweet urine," and excessive muscle loss in the ancient world. blood glucose levels are tightly controlled by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas.

5. 2. Types 2.1.Type I Diabetes:- The three main types of diabetes are
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Gestational diabetes
2.1.Type I Diabetes:-
It is also referred as IDDM (Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or Juvenile diabetes).This results when the pancreas produces insufficient amounts of insulin to meet the body’s needs. Approximately 10% of the diabetic population is composed of Type I or insulin-dependent diabetes.

6. 2.3.Gestational Diabetes:-
2.2.Type II Diabetes:-
It is also referred as NIDDM (Non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or “adult-onset” diabetes). This result when the pancreas produces insulin, but the cells are unable to use it efficiently; this effect is called ‘insulin resistance’. About 90 to 95 percent of people with diabetes have type 2.
2.3.Gestational Diabetes:-
Gestational diabetes develops only during pregnancy. Women with gestational diabetes have a 20 to 50 percent chance of developing type 2 diabetes within 5 to 10 years.

7. 3. Causes Insufficient production of insulin
Inability of cells to use insulin
Heredity
Increasing age
Obesity

8. 4.Pathophysiology Type 1 (IDDM)
In this type beta cell destruction in pancreatic islet; is occure due to presence of autoimmune (type 1a) antibody in blood which resuls in decrease in circulating insulin level.
Type 2 (NIDDM)
There is no loss or moderate reduction in beta cell mass.
Abnormality in gluco-receptor of beta cell
Reduced sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin
Excess of hyperglycaemic hormones (glucagon)/ obesity.

9. 5. Symptoms increased urine output
weight loss despite an increase in appetite.
patients also complain of fatigue, nausea and vomiting.
sweet taste in the mouth
feeling of numbness and burning sensation in the plasms and soles.

10. 6.DIABETES MANAGEMENT: control blood sugar levels
regular insulin injections.
control of simple carbohydrate intake
increasing the percentage of complex carbohydrates
regular exercise
weight reduction (in overweight individuals).

11. 7.Treatments Insulin Therapy Monitoring blood sugar Exercise
Healthy weight
Transplantation:
i) Pancreas transplantation
ii) Islet cell transplantation

12. 8.HERBAL TRETMENT OF DIABETES
Medicinal plants are the potential source of the drugs
Little side effects
Low cost
solve the economic problems
Wide availability
Experimentally evaluated

13. Trigonella foenum- graecum(Methi)
Fabaceae
Momordica charantia.
Cucurbitaceae
Curcuma longa(turmaric)
Zingiberaceae
Cinnamomum zeylanicum(cinnamon)
Lauraceae
Emblica officinalis(amla)
Euphorbiaceae
Azadirachta indica,
Meliaceae
Allium cepa(onion)
Liliaceae
Allium sativum(garlic)
Alliaceae

14. 8.1.FENUGREEK
Biological source: It is obtained from the leaves and seeds of Trigonella foenum- graecum.
Family:- Fabaceae.
Chemical constituents:-
The nicotinic acid, alkaloid trogonelline, and coumarin, amino acid 4- hydroxyisoleucine.
Pharmacological Activity:-
Fenugreek may also increase the number of insulin receptors in red blood cells and improve glucose utilization in peripheral tissues, thus demonstrating potential anti-diabetec effects both on the pancreas and other sites.

15. 8.2.KARELA Synonyms:- Momordica chinensis.
Biological source:-It is obtained from edible fruit of Momordica charantia.
Family:- Cucurbitaceae
Chemical constituents:-
triterpene, protein, steroid, alkaloid (momordicin and charantin), inorganic, lipid, and phenolic compounds.
Pharmacological Activity:-
Bitter melon contains another bioactive compound i.e. lectin that has insulin like activity. The insulin-like bioactivity of lectin is due to its linking together 2 insulin receptors. This lectin lowers blood glucose concentrations by acting on peripheral tissues and, similar to insulin's effects in the brain, suppressing appetite.

16. 8.3.TURMERIC Synonyms:-Indian saffron,Curcuma,Haldi.
Biological Source:-It consists of dried fresh rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa.
Family:- Zingiberaceae.
Chemical Constituents:-
curcumin, Sesquiterpens(camphor, zingiberene).
Pharmacological Activity:-
It is increase the regulation of liver function.

17. 8.4.CINNAMON Synonyms:- Cinnamon, Ceylon cinnamon,kalmi-dalchini.
Biological source:-It consists of dried inner bark of shoots of coppiced trees of Cinnamomum zeylanicum.
Family:- Lauraceae.
Chemical constituents:-
Cinnamon bark contains volatile oil, (tannins, starch & mannitol)Cinnamon oil contains cinnamaldehyde.
Pharmacological Activity:-
Strong evidence suggests that cinnamon polyphenols (CP) exhibit insulin-like activity in cells, animals and people with type 2 diabetes. To explore the molecular basis of insulin-like activity of cinnamon with doubly-linked procyanidin type-A polymers,

18. Family:- Euphorbiaceae. Chemical Constituents:-
10.5.AMLA
Biological Source:- It is obtained from the dried as well as fresh fruits of Emblica officinalis.
Family:- Euphorbiaceae.
Chemical Constituents:-
"Phyllemblin“(gallic acid, tannins, flavonoids, pectin, and vitamin C )
Pharmacological Activity:-
E.officinalis fruit was evaluated for anti-hyperglycaemic and lipid- lowering properties in human volunteers.

19. 9.conclusion:
From this study it has conclude that through diabetes is not curable but we can mange and prevent. It by using medicinal plant and this plants which I have mentioned will be halpful in treatment and management of diabetes.

20. 10.REFERENCES:
1.Wang T.J., Larson M.G., Vasan R.S., Cheng S., Rhee E.P., McCabe E., et al- Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes. Nat Med. Apr 2011;17(4): 2.
3.National Diabetes Education Program 4.
5.Shukla R., Sharma S. B., Buri D., Probhu K. M., Medicinal plants for the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus, Indian J Clin Biochem, 15 (2000), P: 169
6.Park HJ, Kim DH, Choi JW, Park JH, Han YN. A potent anti-diabetic agent from Kalopan axpictus.Arch Pharm Res 1998, 21,

21. 6.Anderson, R et al. Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 1997;46:
7.Guidance on the use of glitazones for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. NICE technology appraisal guidance 63 (2003). Available from
8.health.indiamart.com
9.Global herbal supplies. Information about the herb fenugreek. Available from: 10.(
11.Singh G, Maurya S, Cesar MP, Catalan AM. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2007; 45:1650–1661.
12.

22. Thank you