1. Engineering Fundamentals
Session 8 (3 hours)

2. Motion

3. Distance Vs Displacement
Distance距離 is a scalar quantity which refers to "how much ground an object has covered" during its motion.
Displacement s 位移 is a vector quantity which refers to "how far out of place an object is"; it is the object's change in position.

4. Exercise
Start here
A teacher walks 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and finally 2 meters North. Distance = ___________
Displacement = _____________

5. Exercise displacement =___________ distance traveled=____________
The skier moves from A to B to C to D.
displacement =___________
distance traveled=____________
Answer to previous page: distance=12;displacement=[0,0]

6. Answer to previous page: displacement=140m,distance=420m
Speed and Velocity
Average speed 速率
Average speed = total distance / total time taken
( or rate of change of distance, or changes in distance per unit time)
a scalar
Average velocity v 速度
v = total displacement/total time taken
(or rate of change of displacement, or changes in displacement per unit time)
a vector
Unit: ms-1
v = ∆s / ∆t
Answer to previous page: displacement=140m,distance=420m

7. Example
A car moves 3 km north for 10 minutes and then 3 km east for 10 minutes. Find its average speed and velocity.
3km
3km
Average speed = 6km / 20 minutes = 6 km / (1/3 hour) = 18km/hr
Average velocity = √18 km/ (1/3 hour) at an angle of 45。
=12.73 km/hr at 45。

8. Exercise Which part(s) is the car having a positive velocity? ________
displacement B C A
time
Which part(s) is the car having a positive velocity? ________
Which part(s) is the car having a negative velocity?_________
What is the velocity at part B?____

9. Acceleration加速度
Car speeds up  velocity increases and there is an acceleration a
Car slows down  velocity decreases and there is a -ve acceleration, or deceleration.
Average acceleration = changes in velocity / total time taken
(or rate of change of velocity, or changes of velocity per unit time)
SI unit: ms-2
Average acceleration a = ∆v / ∆t
Answer to previous page: A, C, 0

10. Example
A sports car can go from rest to 100 km hr-1 within 10 seconds. What is its acceleration?
Answer
Changes in velocity = km hr-1 = 100 /3600 km s-1 = 100/3.6 m s-1
Average acceleration = (10 / 3.6) /10 ms-2

11. Exercise Which part(s) of the curve shows an acceleration? ____
Which part(s) of the curve shows a deceleration? _____
Which part(s) of the curve shows a constant (stable) velocity?_____
velocity B C D A
time

12. Exercise
A car is originally at rest. It accelerates at 2 ms-2 for 1 second. What is its velocity afterwards? _________
A car is originally moving at a constant velocity of 1 ms-1. It then accelerates at 2 ms-2 for 0.5 second. What is its velocity afterwards? _________

13. Instantaneous Velocity
Average velocity 平均速度= ∆s / ∆t (average over the time interval ∆t )
Instantaneous velocity 瞬時速度= velocity at an instant 瞬閒of time. (∆t  0)
Instantaneous velocity at a time instant t1 = slope of tangent line at t1.
instantaneous velocity (at time t) = slope of tangent at t
Displacement s t t1

14. Instantaneous Velocity vs Average Velocity
instantaneous velocity at t=2 is 1 ms-1
Instantaneous velocity at t=3 is 0 ms-1
Instantaneous velocity at t=4 is __________
Instantaneous velocity at t=8 is __________
Instantaneous velocity at t=2 is undefined since it is different at 2+ (slightly > 2) and 2- (slightly < 2).
Average velocity between t=0 and t=2 is 1 ms-1
Average velocity between t=0 and 7 is _____________
Average velocity between t=7 and 9 is _____________
Average velocity between t=0 and 9 is _____________
S(m) 2
T(s) 2 7 9

15. Plot the v-t graph below:
Exercise s 6 4 t 3 10 13 v
Plot the v-t graph below:
1.5 1
0.5 t

16. Exercise s t t1 t2 t3 t4
Time instants at which velocities are positive: _________
Time instants at which velocities are negative: ________
Compare velocity at t1 and velocity at t2:___________
Velocity at t3 = ______________

17. Realistic Displacement-Time curve
Discontinuous velocity (not realistic) t
Velocity gradually increases (realistic) v
Red curves are unrealistic since the velocities are discontinuous (implies infinite acceleration) t

18. Constant Accelerationv t a

19. Motions Equations for Constant Acceleration
5 variables :
t time
u initial velocity
v final velocity
a acceleration (constant)
s displacement

20. Motion Equations (constant acceleration)
velocity v u
time
v = u + at v2 = u2 + 2as t
displacement s
time t

21. Example
An object moving in a straight line with constant acceleration takes 10 s from rest to cover a distance of 100 m. Determine the acceleration of the object. By using the equation
u = 0
t = 10 sec
s = 100 m
(Ans) a = 2 m/s2

22. Example
A particle with u = 80 m/s and zero acceleration for first 5 sec. The particle is then slowed down with acceleration of -15 m/s2. How far it has travelled after 5 sec more? Find its velocity at that time.
In last 5 sec,
s = 80(5)+0.5(-15)(5)2 = m
But it has travelled 80x5 = 400 m in the first 5 sec

23. Example (continued) Total distance travelled = 400 + 212.5 =612.5 m
Velocity at that time
v = u + at
v = 80 + (-15)5
= 5 m/s

24. Motion under the action of gravity
The acceleration due to gravity引力 g is the acceleration of a freely falling object as a result of a gravitational force. For most practical purpose is taken as being m/s2 at the surface of the earth.

25. Why is there Gravity? (this slide will not be tested)
Newton hit by an apple. Why does the apple fall downwards?
Law of Gravity萬有引力 m1 r
There is gravitational force between 2 masses m2

26. Example u = 8 m/s a = g = -9.81 m/s2 v = 0 at the maximum height
An object is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 8 m/s. What will be the maximum height it reaches and the time taken for it to reach that height ?
Positive direction
u = 8 m/s
a = g = m/s2
v = 0 at the maximum height g

27. Example (Continued)
Apply v2 = u2 + 2as 0 = (-9.81) s s = 3.26 m ( The maximum height ) Also v = u + at = 8 + (-9.81) t t = 0.82 sec.

28. Force
A force cannot be seen, only the effect of a force on a body may be seen.
Force Units: S.I. Unit ,Newton, (N) or (kN)
Force is a vector quantity. It has both magnitude and direction.

29. Newton
Born 1643
Newton’s Laws
Gravitational Force
Calculus

30. Newton’s First Law (Law of Inertia)
First Law – Every body will remain at rest or continue in uniform motion in a straight line until acted upon by an external force.
Inertia慣性: tendency for a body maintains its state of rest or move at constant speed
The greater the mass質量, the larger is the resistance to change.

31. Once the dummy is in motion, it will be in motion
Life Examples
Once the dummy is in motion, it will be in motion
Astronauts in Space Shuttle. Observe instances of Law of Inertia in the following video clip.

32. Newton’s Second Law
When an external force is applied to a body of constant mass. It produces an acceleration which is directly proportional to the force
The large the mass, the more force it takes to accelerate it.
The large the force, the larger the acceleration.
Force (F)= mass (m) x acceleration (a)

33. Constant force provided by falling object
Video Example
When a given tension (force) is given to a slider without friction (with air track). View 1-2 video of acceleration from
(Use the flash version if you do not have quicktime.)
Constant force provided by falling object

34. Example F = 200 N m = 100 kg F=ma a=F/m = 2 m/s2
A net force of 200 N accelerates an object with a mass of 100 kg. What is the acceleration?
F = 200 N m = 100 kg F=ma
a=F/m = 2 m/s2
meter
mass

35. Action Force = Reaction Force
Newton’s Third Law
Every action produces an equal and opposite reaction.
Action and Reaction
Action Force = Reaction Force

36. Life Example

37. Life Example (continued)

38. Uniformly accelerated motion
Concept map
Action = Reaction
Newton's third law
Gravity=9.81 m/s2
Uniformly accelerated motion
Newton's law
Force
v = u + at
v2 = u2 + 2as
Newton's second law
Motion
Newton'first law
Linear Motion
Law of Inertia
F=ma
Scalars and Vectors