1. Session 6 Comments on Lab 3 & Implications of Inheritance

2. Accumulator Example a simple calculator app classes needed: –AdderApp - contains main –AddingFrame - GUI –CloseableFrame - allows X button –Accumulator - internal representation and implementation of the accumulator

3. Refactoring Accumulator public void plus() { currentSum+=currentNumber; prepareForNextNumber(); } public void minus() { currentSum-=currentNumber; prepareForNextNumber(); } private void prepareForNextNumber() { currentNumber=0; displayNumber=currentSum; } public int getDisplay() { return displayNumber; } } // end class AccumulatorV2 public class AccumulatorV2 { private int currentSum; private int currentNumber; private int displayNumber; public Accumulator() { clear(); } public void clear() { currentSum=0; currentNumber=0; displayNumber=0; } public void addDigit( int digit ) { currentNumber=currentNumber*10+digit; displayNumber=currentNumber; }

4. Alternative structure of the program But another way to structure this program would be to create a relationship which is “wide and shallow” –AdderApp creates an an instance of Accumulator which it passes to an instance of AddingFrame. public class AdderApp { public static void main( String[] args ) { Accumulator a = new Accumulator(); AddingFrame f = new AddingFrame(a); f.show(); } // end main } // end class AdderApp –This is a good example of composition. We emphasize that AddingFrame is composed of an Accumulator –This is a good example of writing code that is modular. Now that we know the composition relation, we can compose solutions using variations of Accumulator.

5. CountedAccumulator Solution public class CountedAccumulator extends Accumulator { private int numberOfOperations; public CountedAccumulator() { super();// calls the superclass’ constructor numberOfOperations=0; } public void plus() { super.plus(); numberOfOperations++; } public void minus() { super.minus(); numberOfOperations++; } public int getOperations() { return numberOfOperations; } } // end class CountedAccumulator

6. CountedAccumulator Solution Now, before we can really work with this we need to modify other files in our application. We need to set up the AddingFrame so that it works with a CountedAccumulator rather than a regular Accumulator. We do this in the AdderApp class for simplicity. Accumulator a = new CountedAccumulator(); AddingFrame f = new AddingFrame(a);

7. A solution Why do we do this in the AdderApp rather than leave it alone and modify the AddingFrame? –Because in the end this makes our AddingFrame slightly more versatile. –Think about it...AddingFrame works with an Accumulator (or CountedAccumulator). If one is provided, it uses it. If one is not provided, it creates it. –THAT, is more versatile than telling an AddingFrame to now always create a CountedAccumulator.

8. Lab 3 Exercise Create a class named EvenOddAccumulator that subclasses Accumulator to implement this behavior. EvenOddAccumulators respond to all the same messages as regular Accumulators. But, in response to plus() and minus() messages, an EvenOddAccumulator both computes the new sum and writes a congratulatory message if the sum is even.

9. Toward a Solution Here is the critical new piece of the EvenOddAccumulator class: if ( currentSum % 2 == 0 ) { System.out.println( "Hurray! You made an even number." ); } The big question is, what else is a part of the class?

10. Toward a Solution Here where I thought you would get into trouble during Lab 3 yesterday…

11. A Problem Accessing Inherited Data $ javac EvenOddAccumulator.java EvenOddAccumulator.java:17: currentSum has private access in Accumulator if ( currentSum % 2 == 0 ) ^ EvenOddAccumulator.java:24: currentSum has private access in Accumulator if ( currentSum % 2 == 0 ) ^ 2 errors Oops! currentSum is declared as a private instance variable in class Accumulator. private means private: no code outside the Accumulator class can access that variable.

12. A Possible Solution for Accessing Inherited Data Change currentSum to be public or protected. public class Accumulator { protected int currentSum;... }

13. A Better Solution for Accessing Inherited Data (2) Add a protected “accessor” method to the Accumulator class. Use that method to access the currentSum instance variable in the subclass. public class Accumulator {... protected int getCurrentSum() { return currentSum; } Then use getCurrentSum() in EvenOddAccumulator.

14. Programming with Inheritance Inheritance is an object-oriented programming construct that enables us to add behavior to an existing system without modifying the existing classes.

15. Programming with Inheritance Our new EvenOddAccumulator class adds behavior to a program that uses Accumulators without modifying: the behavior of the existing Accumulator class or the existing AddingFrame class! That means... No chance of introducing an unnecessary, unexpected errors into the working Accumulator class. No need to modify programs that use instances of Accumulator but which don’t need instances of EvenOddAccumulator. The ability to use EvenOddAccumulators in programs that expect to use Accumulators.

16. Programming with Inheritance We could have achieved some of these results without using inheritance by creating a new class named EvenOddAccumulator that simply duplicated the behavior of existing Accumulator class. Using inheritance means that... No need to reimplement existing methods. No need to duplicate code. One of the most important features of object-oriented programming is that it encourages us to create new classes that reuse existing code as much as possible. Without inheritance, you have only one tool for doing that, composition. With inheritance, you have two tools.

17. Polymorphism polymorphism comes from the Greek root for “many shapes” polymorphism is about how we can use different objects in the same place in our program, i.e., polymorphism depends on objects that are substitutable for one another A polymorphic variable can hold many different types of values Object-oriented languages often restrict the types of values to being subclasses of the declared type of the variable.

18. Polymorphic Variables in Java Java achieve polymorphic variables by two ways: 1)Interfaces: a variable defined using an interface can hold an object of any class implementing that interface, e.g., in MemoPad, “MemoDatabase datebase” could be assigned either a DefaultMemoDatabase or MyMemoDatabase object. 2)Inheritance: a variable defined using a superclass can hold any instance of a subclass, e.g., in AdderApp: public class AdderApp { public static void main( String[] args ) { Accumulator a = new CountedAccumulator(); AddingFrame f = new AddingFrame(a); f.show(); } // end main } // end AdderApp

19. Implications of Inheritance/Polymorphism At compile-time, the amount of memory for polymorphic variables cannot be determined, so all objects reside in the heap Because values reside in the heap, reference semantics is used for assignment and parameter passing Most natural interpretation of equality is identity. Since programmers often require a different meaning two operators are needed Garbage collection needed since it is hard for a programmer to know if/when an object is no longer referenced

20. Typical Memory Layout Program Global variables Stack Heap

21. Stack-based Memory Objects are stored on the heap When a method is called, an activation record is allocated on the stack to hold: –return address (where to return after execution) –parameters –local variables (stuff declared in the method) When a method returns, the activation record is popped Main: ObjA a = new ObjA(); ObjB b = new ObjB(); a.do(5, b) public class ObjA { int x = 100; public void do (int y, ObjB myB) { int loc = 6; int t = myB.doMore(loc);... } public class ObjB { int z = 30; public int doMore(int i) { z = z + i; return z; }

22. Consider Factorial Example class FacTest { static public void main (String [] args) { int f = factorial(3); // * System.out.println(“Factorial of 3 is “ + f); } static public int factorial (int n) { int c = n – 1; int r; if (c > 0) { r = n * factorial(c); // ** } else { r = 1; } return r; }