1. Javad Jamshidi Fasa University of Medical Sciences, December 2015 Prenatal Testing and Hemoglobinopathie s Session 5 Medical Genetics

2. At least 250,000 people each year with disorders of hemoglobin (Hb), called Hemoglobinopathies Hb is the protein present in red blood cells that is responsible for oxygen transport Hb being made up of a tetramer consisting of two pairs of different polypeptides referred to as the α and β globin chains

3. 16p13 11p15

4. 1) Structural globin chain variants such as sickle cell disease 2) Disorders of synthesis of the globin chains such as the thalassemias

5. More than 300 Hb electrophoretic variants have been described due to a variety of types of mutation The majority are rare and not associated with clinical disease A few are associated with disease and relatively prevalent in certain populations.

6. The amino acid glutamic acid, at the sixth position of the β -globin chain, is substituted by valine.

7. The thalassemias are the commonest single group of inherited disorders in humans Persons from the Mediterranean region, Middle East, Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia The same pathophysiology, An imbalance of globin-chain production results in the accumulation of free globin chains in the red blood cell α and β Thalassemia

8. Results from underproduction of the α -globin chains and occurs most commonly in Southeast Asia Two main types of α -thalassemia: The severe form No α chains are produced, fetal death Hydrops fetalis Tetramer of γ chains, called Hb Barts The milder form Some α chains but still a relative excess of β chains β -globin tetramer Hb H-known as Hb H disease

10. Caused by underproduction of the β-globin chain of Hb. Two main types of β-thalassemia: The major form Homozygotes for β chains defect, Cooley's anemia Severe transfusion-dependent anemia An unusually shaped face and skull Affected individuals used to die in their teens or early adulthood The minor form Heterozygotes for β chains defect Usually have no symptoms or signs Mild hypochromic, microcytic anemia, may be confused with iron deficiency anemia.

12. Until recently, couples had to choose between taking the risk or considering other options Over the past three decades, prenatal diagnosis-the ability to detect abnormalities in an unborn child-has been widely used The ethical issues surrounding prenatal diagnosis and selective termination of pregnancy are both complex

13. 13 Invasive Amniocentesis Chorionic Villus Sampling Fetoscopy Cordocentesis Non-Invasive Maternal Serum Screening Ultrasound

14. 14 Aspiration of 10 to 20 ml of amniotic fluid, through the abdominal wall under ultrasonographic guidance Usually performed around the 16th week of gestation. The sample is spun down to yield a pellet of cells and supernatant fluid The fluid can be used for assay of α -fetoprotein Cells for chromosome and DNA analysis

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16. 16 0.5% to 1% risk of miscarriage Possibility of having to consider a midtrimester termination of pregnancy Trials of amniocentesis earlier in pregnancy, at 12 to 14 weeks' gestation, yielded comparable rates of success

17. 17 This procedure is usually carried out at 11 to 12 weeks gestation Either trans cervical or, trans abdominal aspiration of chorionic villus (CV) tissue Called placental biopsy, when the procedure is carried out at later stages of pregnancy

18. 18 Trans abdominal

19. 19 Direct chromosomal analysis of CV tissue usually allows a provisional result to be given within 24 hours The major advantage of CV sampling is that it offers first- trimester prenatal diagnosis The procedure conveys a I% to 2% risk of causing miscarriage Cause limb abnormalities in the embryo if carried out before 9 to 10 weeks‘ gestation

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21. 21 Prenatal diagnosis of structural abnormalities not associated with known chromosomal, biochemical or molecular defects Require expensive equipment and a skilled, experienced operator. Offer routinely to all pregnant women at around 18 weeks gestation as screening for structural abnormalities

22. Ultrasonographic image of a transverse section of the hand of a fetus showing polydactyly 22

23. Nuchal thickening-an accumulation of fluid at the back of the neck 23

24. 24 Maternal serum screening is offered for NTDs and Down syndrome A blood sample obtained from the mother at 16 weeks' gestation In this way up to 75% of all cases of open NTDs and 60% to 70% of all cases of Down syndrome can be detected

25. 25 Open NTDs could be detected at 16 weeks' gestation by assay of Alpha-fetoprotein in maternal serum AFP is the fetal equivalent of albumin and is the major protein in fetal blood If the fetus has an open NTD, the level of AFP is raised in both the amniotic fluid and maternal serum Unfortunately maternal serum AFP screening for NTDs is neither 100% sensitive nor 100% specific

26. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels at 16 weeks' gestation 26

27. 27 At 16 weeks' gestation maternal serum: AFP Unconjugated estriol human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Inhibin-A

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29. Ultrasonogram at 18 weeks showing a rocker-bottom foot in a fetus subsequently found to have trisomy 18. 29

30. 30 Advanced Maternal Age Previous Child with a Chromosome Abnormality Family History of a Chromosome Abnormality Family History of a Single-Gene Disorder Family History of a Neural Tube Defect Abnormalities Identified In Pregnancy Other High-Risk Factors

31. 31 Failure to Obtain a Sample or Culture Failure An Ambiguous Chromosome Result An Unexpected Chromosome Result A Different Numerical Chromosomal Abnormality A Structural Chromosomal Rearrangement The Presence of a Marker Chromosome

32. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) 32

33. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) 33

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