1. Population Policies – The Big Two: -China’s One Child Policy -India’s Family Planning

2. China’s One Child policy - History  1950’s and 1960’s China’s population was growing rapidly  “The Great Leap Forward” encouraged people to have large families and changing China from an agricultural economy to and industrial one  It resulted in ~45 million deaths due to famine and hunger related illness  In the 1960’s China was still in the early stages of Demographic Transition  1962-1972 - 26.7 million births per year  Huge population growth was slowing down education, health care and economy

3. The Policy  Put in place in 1980  Families could only have 1 child  Some exceptions (twins, triplets, some rural areas)  It began with incentives (eg. Tax breaks)  But… disincentives were the real reason people followed the policy If the rule was broken: - discrimination on job/community - severe fines (3x annual income) - higher taxes - children had to attend lower status schools

4. The Results:  Prevented ~300 million new citizens  Fertility Rate dropped to 1.6, from 3.3 in 1975  40% of women were sterilized (most agreed to it)  Zero population growth by 2040

5. But… there is/was a preference for boys in China (males traditionally are responsible for elderly parents). The OCP caused the infanticide of girls, abandonment of girls. -Abortion rates increased drastically -Today there are ~33 million more men than women in China -Adoption rates increased 300 000 in 8 years (almost all girls) -The government outlawed Amniocentesis as a method of determining gender The Unintended Consequences

6.  In 2013 the Chinese Government relaxed some of the OCP rules: -Families could have more than 1 child if both parents are only children

7. India’s Family Planning  Population grows by ~30 people every minute  Will pass China’s population by ~2050  Family Planning Policy began in 1952 (it work very well)  1950 Fertility Rate was ~6  2000 FR was 3  2012 FR was 2.5  1/3 of India’s population is <15 years old  Unlike China, India is a democracy so forcing family to have fewer children isn’t an option  In rural India there is a preference for boys, so families will multiple children in the hopes of having boys over girls.  Dowry and bride burning

8. India's Booming Population