1. STRATEGIES FOR FRESHWATER

2. CONTEXT FOR STRATEGIES

3. An example of four sizes of freshwater ecosystems > 10000 km 2 (large rivers) 0 – 100 km 2 (headwaters and creeks) 100 – 1000 km 2 (small rivers) 1000 – 10000 km 2 (medium rivers) CONTEXT FOR STRATEGIES

6. THREAT CATEGORIES Water Use and Management Invasive Alien Species Overharvesting and Fisheries Management Land Use and Management Water Quality (pollution / contamination) Water Quantity (flow) Habitat Destruction (dredging / channelization) Predation / over competition (over-fishing and invasives) Organized by specific human activities Organized by impact to freshwater ecosystem OR

7. SUB-THREAT CATEGORIES Water Use and Management –Dams –Surface water diversions –Altered bed & bank structure –Groundwater overexploitation Invasive Alien Species Overharvesting and Fisheries Management Land Use and Management –Agriculture –Urbanization & industrialization –Forestry –Mining –Recreation

8. STRATEGIES BY TYPE WITHIN EACH THREAT/SUB-THREAT Technical strategies Institutional and legal strategies Community-based strategies

9. SCALE OF IMPLEMENTATION FOR STRATEGIES Local / site specific / river reach Watershed / basin National Regional / bi-national Multi-national / international

10. Example Read the scenario in the notes

11. Strategy Approaches What scale of implementation? Local / site specific / river reach Watershed / basin National Regional / bi-national Multi-national / international What kind of strategy? Technical strategies Institutional and legal strategies Community-based strategies

12. Opportunities Technical strategy: Understand what stage the dam is in (has it already been approved and financed, is it already under construction, etc.). Evaluate the potential impact of the operations of the dam on the downstream ecosystem (higher base flows, increased rate of change, elimination of flood pulses, etc.). Develop environmental flow recommendations with local community involvement as well as in- country scientists and water management experts. Institutional / legal strategy: Work with the agency that administers licenses for the dam to require or advocate for environmental flow recommendations to be included within dam operation and work with them to establish a process for accomplishing this task. Community-based strategy: Learn about ecological/hydrological connections through local community engagement. Work with the local indigenous community to equip it with the knowledge and scientific expertise necessary to oppose the dam. Advocate for the local communities needs to be met even with the dam.

13. What About Scale?

14. Regional energy planning Assess energy needs and compare alternatives Resource assessment and prioritization (including ecological and social resources) Integrated Basin Planning Regional Level Non-hydro generation needs Conservation and efficiency options Hydropower generation target Water management (water supply, flood control) Designation of protected rivers and basins Project-level review, mitigation and development Project-level Source: TNC

15. Reminder No threat today does not mean no threat tomorrow – be careful of complacency.