3. A complex sentence is made from an independent clause and a dependent clause. An independent clause is a “complete sentence”. A dependent clause is an “incomplete sentence”.

4. The order of dependent and independent clauses in a complex sentence can vary. I want to be a teacher when I grow up. (“complete sentence” + “incomplete sentence”) When I grow up, I want to be a teacher. (“incomplete sentence” + “complete sentence”) dependent clause + independent clause independent clause + dependent clause

5. In a complex sentence, the dependent clause must begin with a word called a subordinating conjunction. There are many subordinating conjunctions.

6. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: Words used to combine dependent and independent clauses in a complex sentence Rather than Until Unless Whenever Wherever Instead of Since Even if In order to Now that Whether During While After By Before If When As Because Although Even though

7. Rather than Until Unless Whenever Wherever Instead of Since Even if In order to Now that Whether During Before After By While If When As Because Although Even though Next, you will see some examples of sentences that use the following SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS:

8. During the race, she twisted her ankle. I like pickles because they’re sour. Since she jogs daily, she is in good shape. I read my book while I waited in line.

9. COMPLEX SENTENCES: (“incomplete sentence” + “complete sentence” ) (“complete sentence” + “incomplete sentence”) During the race, she twisted her ankle. Since she jogs daily, she is in good shape. I read my book while I waited in line. I like pickles because they’re sour. dependent clause + independent clause independent clause + dependent clause

10. NOTICE THAT SOME OF THE SENTENCES HAVE COMMAS WHILE OTHERS DO NOT. During the race, she twisted her ankle. Since she jogs daily, she is in good shape. I read my book while I waited in line. I like pickles because they’re sour. NO COMMA

11. COMMAS IN A COMPLEX SENTENCE: USE A COMMA WHEN THE SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION COMES AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE. During the race, she twisted her ankle. Since she jogs daily, she is in good shape. ***The comma separates the dependent clause from the independent clause***

12. COMMAS IN A COMPLEX SENTENCE: USE A COMMA WHEN THE SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION COMES AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE. I like pickles because they’re sour. I read my book while I waited in line. NO COMMA is needed because the subordinating conjunction (because) is not used at the beginning of the sentence. NO COMMA is needed because the subordinating conjunction (while) is not used at the beginning of the sentence.

14. COMPLEX SENTENCE Version 1--the DEPENDENT clause comes first: ( “incomplete sentence” + “complete sentence” ) During the game,she cheered loudly. dependent clause + independent clause

15. COMPLEX SENTENCE Version 2—the INDEPENDENT clause comes first: ( “complete sentence” + “incomplete sentence”) She cheered loudly during the game. independent clause + dependent clause

16. COMPLEX SENTENCES: ( “incomplete sentence” + “complete sentence” ) ( “complete sentence” + “incomplete sentence” ) During the game,she cheered loudly. She cheered loudly during the game. dependent clause + independent clause independent clause + dependent clause

17. During the game, she cheered loudly. A comma is needed because the subordinating conjunction (during) IS USED AT THE BEGINNING of the sentence.

18. She cheered loudly during the game. A comma IS NOT needed because the subordinating conjunction (during) is NOT used at the beginning of the sentence.

19. COMPLEX SENTENCE Version 1--the DEPENDENT clause comes first: ( “incomplete sentence” + “complete sentence” ) While she worked, Ann whistled a happy tune. ( dependent clause + independent clause)

20. COMPLEX SENTENCE Version 2—the INDEPENDENT clause comes first: ( “complete sentence” + “incomplete sentence” ) Ann whistled a happy tune while she worked. independent clause + dependent clause

21. COMPLEX SENTENCES: ( “incomplete sentence” + “complete sentence” ) ( “complete sentence” + “incomplete sentence” ) While she worked, Ann whistled a happy tune. Ann whistled a happy tune while she worked. dependent clause + independent clause independent clause + dependent clause

22. While she worked, Ann whistled a happy tune. A comma is needed because the subordinating conjunction (while) IS USED AT THE BEGINNING of the sentence.

23. Ann whistled a happy tune while she worked. A comma IS NOT needed because the subordinating conjunction (while) is NOT used at the beginning of the sentence.

24. After lunch, I will take a nap. A comma is needed because the subordinating conjunction (after) IS USED AT THE BEGINNING of the sentence.

25. I will take a nap after lunch. NO COMMA

26. By working hard, you can become a very successful person. A comma is needed because the subordinating conjunction (by) IS USED AT THE BEGINNING of the sentence.

27. You can become a very successful person by working hard. NO COMMA

28. Before you go to bed, be sure to brush your teeth.

29. Be sure to brush your teeth before you go to bed. NO COMMA

30. If I had a million dollars, I would buy a beautiful mansion.

31. I would buy a beautiful mansion if I had a million dollars. NO COMMA

32. When you graduate high school, we will have a big celebration.

33. We will have a big celebration when you graduate high school. NO COMMA

34. As soon as you get your driver’s license, I will buy you a car.

35. I will buy you a car as soon as you get your driver’s license. NO COMMA

36. Because he was sick, he had to miss school.

37. He had to miss school because he was sick. NO COMMA

38. Although he never admitted it, his mom knew he had broken the vase.

39. His mom knew he had broken the vase although he never admitted it. NO COMMA

40. Even though it was raining, I still went for a walk.

41. I still went for a walk even though it was raining. NO COMMA

42. Until you do your homework, you aren’t allowed to play video games.

43. You aren’t allowed to play video games until you do your homework. NO COMMA

44. Unless you clean your room, you can’t go to the movies.

45. You can’t go to the movies unless you clean your room. NO COMMA

46. Whenever it sees a dog, the cat hides in the bushes.

47. The cat hides in the bushes whenever it sees a dog. NO COMMA

48. Wherever you are, I promise that I will be thinking of you.

49. I promise that I will be thinking of you wherever you are. NO COMMA

50. Since you like to shop, I will take you to the mall for your birthday.

51. I will take you to the mall for your birthday since you like to shop. NO COMMA

52. Even if there’s a thunderstorm, we will still have to go to school.

53. We will still have to go to school even if there’s a thunderstorm. NO COMMA

54. In order to paint the house, you will need to hire a painter.

55. You will need to hire a painter in order to paint the house. NO COMMA

56. Now that you’re taller, you can ride the roller coaster.

57. You can ride the roller coaster now that you’re taller. NO COMMA

59. A complex sentence is made from an independent clause and a dependent clause. An independent clause is a “complete sentence”. A dependent clause is an “incomplete sentence”.

60. In a complex sentence, the dependent clause must begin with a word called a subordinating conjunction. There are many subordinating conjunctions.

61. EXAMPLES OF COMMON SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS During While After By Before If When As Because Although Even though Rather than Until Unless Whenever Wherever Instead of Since Even if In order to Now that Whether

62. COMMAS IN A COMPLEX SENTENCE: USE A COMMA WHEN THE SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION COMES AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE. During the race, she twisted her ankle. Since she jogs daily, she is in good shape. ***The comma separates the dependent clause from the independent clause***

64. EXERCISE #1 Determine whether or not the sentence is a complex sentence. I loved playing with blocks when I was in kindergarten. (Hint) Use this CHECKLIST to determine if the sentence is complex. A complex sentence must have: 1 “complete sentence” (independent clause) 1 “incomplete sentence” (dependent clause) 1 subordinating conjunction

65. EXERCISE #1 Determine whether or not the sentence is a complex sentence. I loved playing with blocks when I was in kindergarten. This sentence has: 1 “complete sentence” (independent clause) 1 “incomplete sentence” (dependent clause) 1 subordinating conjunction IT IS A COMPLEX SENTENCE.

66. EXERCISE #1 Determine whether or not the sentence is a complex sentence. I love going to the beach on sunny days. (Hint) Use this CHECKLIST to determine if the sentence is complex. A complex sentence must have: 1 “complete sentence” (independent clause) 1 “incomplete sentence” (dependent clause) 1 subordinating conjunction

67. EXERCISE #1 Determine whether or not the sentence is a complex sentence. I love going to the beach on sunny days. This sentence ONLY has: 1 “complete sentence” (independent clause) 1 “incomplete sentence” (dependent clause) 1 subordinating conjunction IT IS NOT A COMPLEX SENTENCE.

68. *** Use this CHECKLIST to determine if the following sentences are complex. A complex sentence must have: 1 “complete sentence” (independent clause) 1 “incomplete sentence” (dependent clause) 1 subordinating conjunction 1.Now that you’ve arrived, we can start the show. 2.The sick child stayed in bed all day long. 3.She chose to read a book rather than take a nap.

69. ***Use this CHECKLIST to determine if the following sentences are complex. A complex sentence must have: 1 “complete sentence” (independent clause) 1 “incomplete sentence” (dependent clause) 1 subordinating conjunction 1.Now that you’ve arrived, we can start the show. 2.The sick child stayed in bed all day long. 3.She chose to read a book rather than take a nap.

70. *** Use this CHECKLIST to determine if the following sentences are complex. A complex sentence must have: 1 “complete sentence” (independent clause) 1 “incomplete sentence” (dependent clause) 1 subordinating conjunction 1.The kitten played with the toy mouse all morning. 2.By next year, I will have enough money to buy a car. 3.My mom baked a delicious chocolate cake.

71. Use this CHECKLIST to determine if the following sentences are complex. A complex sentence must have: 1 “complete sentence” (independent clause) 1 “incomplete sentence” (dependent clause) 1 subordinating conjunction 1.The kitten played with a toy mouse all morning. 2.By next year, I will have enough money to buy a car. 3. My mom baked a delicious chocolate cake.

72. EXERCISE #2 -All of the following are complex sentences. -Determine whether or not a comma is needed. -Place the comma in the correct place. (if needed) 1. Since you cooked dinner I will do the dishes. 2. I’m going home because it’s getting late. 3. During the storm we lost all electrical power. 4. Although we argue a lot I still like you. 5. Let’s play tag after you finish your homework.

73. EXERCISE #2 *If the subordinating conjunction is used AT THE BEGINNING of a complex sentence, a comma IS REQUIRED. 1. Since you cooked dinner, I will do the dishes. 2. I’m going home because it’s getting late. 3. During the storm, we lost all electrical power. 4. Although we argue a lot, I still like you. 5. Let’s play tag after you finish your homework.

74. EXERCISE #3 -Complete the following complex sentences. -Place a comma in the correct place. (if needed) 1. You can’t go until___________________. 2. _______________ before dinnertime. 3. Even though she was upset____________. 4. __________________________if you want. 5. Whenever you’re ready________________.

77. INDEPENDENT PRACTICE USE THESE SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS TO CREATE YOUR OWN COMPLEX SENTENCES: 1. During 2. While 3. After 4. By 5. Before 6. If 7. When 8. As 9. Because 10. Although 11. Even though 12. Rather than 13. Until 14. Unless 15. Whenever 16. Wherever 17. Instead of 18. Since 19. Even if 20. In order to 21. Now that 22. Whether