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Biochemical Cycles- closed circles or cycles of materials from nonliving to living organisms and back to nonliving. Examples : Water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus Biology, Geology and Chemistry Cycles Nutrients through the Ecosystem
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I. General Information A. Biogeochemical cycles materials cycle between the living and physical (non-living) parts of an ecosystem B. Types of cycles 1. Water 2. Energy 3. Carbon 4. Nitrogen
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II. Water Cycle
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A. Driven by the Sun B. Steps of Water Cycle B. Steps of Water Cycle 1. Evaporation – a. Sun heats Earth a. Sun heats Earth b. H 2 O evaporates b. H 2 O evaporates c. H 2 O goes into atmosphere as H 2 O vapor H 2 O vapor
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II. Water Cycle 2. Condensation H 2 O condenses H 2 O condenses (goes from gas to liquid) to form clouds
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II. Water Cycle 3. Precipitation H 2 O leaves clouds, falls on Earth H 2 O leaves clouds, falls on Earth E.g. rain, snow, sleet, hail E.g. rain, snow, sleet, hail 4. Percolation / Infiltration H 2 O enters soil, becomes groundwater H 2 O enters soil, becomes groundwater
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II. Water Cycle 5. Run–off Some H 2 O moves on surface to rivers, lakes & oceans 6. Transpiration H 2 O released from plant leaves, H 2 O released from plant leaves, returns to atmosphere returns to atmosphere
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II. Water Cycle C. Where is the H 2 O on Earth? 1. Oceans 97.2% 2. Glaciers 2.15% 3. Lakes 0.009% 4. Soil 0.005% 5. Atmosphere 0.001% 6. Streams 0.0001%
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II. Water Cycle
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III. Carbon Cycle
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A. How does carbon enter the living part of the cycle? 1. Photosynthesis Plants, algae, & cyanobacteria use CO 2 to make organic compounds (sugars) 2. Nutrients move C through trophic levels Consumers move organic compounds
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III. Carbon Cycle B. How does carbon get back into the physical part of the cycle? 1. Cellular Respiration O 2 used to break down sugars CO 2 released into atmosphere
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III. Carbon Cycle 2. Combustion Fossil fuels & wood burned CO (carbon monoxide) released to atmosphere Factory & Auto emissions release CO to atmosphere
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III. Carbon Cycle 4. Decomposition of waste and dead materials Some dead organisms become fossil fuels Some dead organisms and waste decay, returning nutrients to the soil Erosion – –CaCO 2 from shells returned to system as sediment –Shelled organisms die –Sediment returns C to ecosystem by erosion (wind & water)
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III. Carbon Cycle
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IV. Nitrogen Cycle
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A. General information 1. N needed to make proteins Proteins = large molecules that perform almost all of living organisms’ vital f(x)s (functions)
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IV. Nitrogen Cycle 2. N hard to convert into a form usable by plants 3. Most steps of N cycle occur in the soil 4. Bacteria very important to the N cycle
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IV. Nitrogen Cycle B. Steps of the N cycle 1. Nitrogen fixation Bacteria work with Bacteria work with legumes legumes (peas, beans, peanuts) to take N 2 from atmosphere, put it into the soil
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IV. Nitrogen Cycle 2. Ammonification Animals & plants deposit nitrogenous waste Decomposers (bacteria & fungi) convert organic N (proteins) to ammonia (NH 3 )
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IV. Nitrogen Cycle 3. Nitrification Another kind of bacteria convert nitrogen compounds NH 3 → NH 4 + → NO 2 - + NO 3 - 4. Denitrification 4. Denitrification Another kind of bacteria convert nitrites and nitrates to nitrogen gas NO 2 - + NO 3 - → N 2
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IV. Nitrogen Cycle 5. Assimilation- the absorption and incorporation of Nitrogen into plant and animal compounds
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IV. Nitrogen Cycle
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