1. Chapter Two is located on pages 49- 70! Child Development Services Chapter Two

2. Objectives After studying this chapter you will be able to: *List & Describe the various types of early childhood programs available to parents and their children. *Assess the advantages and disadvantages of each type of programs. *Name the three types of center sponsorship.

3. Objectives Continued.. *Explain steps families may take in choosing quality child care. *List indications of quality in early childhood programs. *Recognize licensing rules and regulations that help keep centers safe. *List the components of center accreditation.

4. Terms to Know. *Family Child Care Home- Child Care that is provided in a private home. *Child Care Centers- Full-Day child care facilities that force on basic nutritional,social,emotional. and intellectual and physical needs. *Custodial Care-Type of child care that forces primarily on meeting the child’s physical needs.

5. Terms to Know. *Montessori Approach- Schools provide children freedom within limits by a rather structured approach, and a fixed method in which materials are presented. *Head Start- A program developed by the federal government to strengthen the academic skills of children from low incomes homes, and designed mainly for 4-5 years old.

6. Terms to Know *School-age Child Care Programs- Programs often sponsored by schools, houses of worships, or child care centers that provides care for children before and after schools. *Checking-In-Service- Programs assigning workers to call children in self-care to make sure there is no problems.

7. Terms to Know. *Parent Cooperatives- Child Care Programs that are schools formed and run by parents who wish to take part in their child’s preschools experience. *Laboratory Schools- Schools located on a post secondary or college campus with a primary purpose of training future teachers and serving a study group for research.

8. Terms to Know *Universe Pre-Kindergarden (UPK)- A state- sponsored program designed to introduce three- or four- year- old children to a literary- rich environment. The goal is to enable every child with skills needed to succeed in schools. *Licensing rules and regulations- Standards set to ensure that uniforms and safe practices are followed.

9. Terms to Know *Child Care License- A state provided certificate granting permission to open and operate a child care center or family child care home. *Accredited- Having a certification that states a set of standards has been met.

10. Introduction Many children attend early childhood programs and they continue to grow. There is two main reasons why parents place their child/children in the early childhood programs. One reason is Parents like the rich learning environment of a high-quality, developmentally appropriate early childhood programs. Researchers has showed that children learn most from the earliest moments in life. A child’s learning is most rapid in the first five years.

11. Introduction Cont. High-quality programs stimulate learning in this period, studies show that children from high- quality programs did better in primary grades then over children in reading, math, and social skills. It was proven that children gets along better with peers and have fewer behavioral problems.

12. Introduction Cont. However, all of the programs are there to meet the needs of young children, Even though the programs may vary in size, staff qualifications, hours of operations, facilities and fees. The most important thing is how it fits into the parent and child’s life.

13. Introduction Cont. Secondary, Parents who work outside the home must provide for their home must provide for their children’s needs during working hours. This is another reason why parents might place their child in Early Childhood Programs. Early Childhood Programs may meet the needs of some families and children but not others’. These programs vary many times on the young children and how they react with others.

14. Family Child Care Homes A popular form of child care in the United States provided other than by a relative or parent is called Family Child Care Homes. This is a program that provides care just inside a private home, just with a smaller number of children. Often, the reason or reasons the parents choose this program is it might be closer to their neighborhood or even in their neighborhood, their child might feel more comfortable with being at that home other than a daycare or some other type of child care home, it might be based on income or even based on if it goes better with your schedule.

15. Family Child Care Homes Cont. Some states require licensing for family child care homes. Other states may require certification by a community agency. These programs are often popular for infants and toddlers, but children might range from infants to school-age.

16. Child Care Centers This program has become the most popular type of care and education because the facilities offer full-day children’s programs. These centers main goal is to provide care and education to the child and is designed to meet the child’s basic nutrition, health, and safety needs. The curriculum emphasizes the whole child including his or her social,emotional,cognitive,and physical needs. Most Child Care Centers open early of the morning and close late at night so it does fit better with the parents schedule and helps the family out. Not very often but sometimes some Child Care Centers stay open 24 hours a day/ 7 days a week.

17. Montessori Schools In the early 1900s, Maria Montessori developed her own method of education. She was the first women in Italy to receive a degree in medicine. Early in her career, she was an assistant doctor at clinic that served children with mental disabilities. While working with these children she developed her own theory of education.

18. Montessori Schools Cont. The montessori theory stated children learn best by being active. Montessori quickly learned these methods could also be used for other children as well. This led Montessori to her development of the first Montessori School in Rom.e Her methods quickly spread through our the world. After t being popular for a short period of time, the method through out the next 40 years it declined. But in the next 1950s there was a rebirth of the Montessori method.

19. Montessori Approach In the first montessori schools, proper nutrition, cleanliness, manners, and sensory training was stressed. Children even worked with machines that she designed. These materials were self correcting and required little adult guidance, the materials was organized from simple to complex. By working with and moving the material the children's’ senses were rained and they learned to think. They learned a number or concepts as well as motion, language and writing skills.

20. Montessori Approach Montessori believed in self-education. The primary goal of the Montessori Approach was for children to “learn how to learn”. This approach allowed the child to explore materials that were meant to instruct. Certain materials were given to the child by the teacher in a prescribed sequence. This sequence was related to the child’s physical and mental development. Montessori felt that this approach would provide the child freedom within limits.

21. Montessori Approach Independence is stressed in Montessori Schools. Children are taught and prepared to care for themselves. Children learn how to care for themselves a little at a time, like how to button, zip, tie and also put on coats and boots. These experience are called practical life experience in the Montessori Curriculum.

22. Montessori Approach The purpose of sensory training is to help children learn touch,sound,taste,and sight discrimination. Children are told to rub their fingers across blocks, play with bells and many other things that they could learn from. Academics are also very stressed in the Montessori Program. Before a child is introduced to these experiences, sensory training must be mastered. Numbers & Letters are learned in the manner of the children trace the letter or number with there fingertips.

23. Head Start In the 1960s the head start program overcome the negative effects of poverty on young children. The program mainly provides child care and education for four-and five-year-olds from low- income families. Most recently, programs for infants and toddlers has been put into effect. The program could be full-time or part-time. This program provides a variety of medical and social services to promote children’s development.

24. Education One goal of the head start program is to build self esteem that will lead to future success in school. Staff encourage self-confidence, curiosity, and self-discipline. Parent involvement is the heart of the program.

25. Nutrition Most kids doesn’t receive nutritious meals at home. Federal rules require the center to provide at least one snack and one hot meal a day. The nutrition program serves food that reflect the child’s ethnic and cultural preferences. The goal is to help children make healthful food choices and develop good eating habits.

26. Health All children who attend the Head Start programs are given a total health plan. Dental,Medical, and Mental Health Services are provided.

27. Parental Involvement Parents are encouraged to help recruit new children,assist in the center, and take part in policy meetings. Head Start parents are able to influence administrative decisions.

28. Kindergarten In 1837, the first Kindergarten was opened by Frederick Froebel in Germany. The children in this kindergarten, like many today, engaged in painting,stringing beads,block building, and clay modeling. The children also cared for pets,sang songs, and gardened. The first American Kindergarten was opened in Watertown, Wisconsin in 1856. It was held in the home of Margerenthia Schurz. Today, Kindergartens are part of most public and many private school systems. They are usually restriacted to children who are at least four years of age. Text

29. Schedule For Kindergarten There are three basic scheduling patterns in kindergarten: Half-Day, Full Day/ Alternating day sessions. The half-day session usually runs from two and one half to three and one half hours per day. Full-day session run from six to eight hours per day. Full-Day alternation day programs vary. Some programs meets every other day. They all vary and can also be very confusing.

30. Goals of Kindergarten Respect for the contributions, property, and rights of other children. Development of positive feelings about school. Development of a positive self-concept. Growth in language,social,physical and creative skills. Development of independence, shown by working alone on a task of developing self-help skills.

31. Goals Cont. Development of interpersonal skills. Appreciation of objects of beauty.

32. Curriculum Kindergarten curriculum may vary from school to school. Kindergarten teachers have more freedom with planning activities and curriculum. Studies show that in most kindergarten 50% of the day is spent on creative activities. Included are art,woodworking,block building,storytelling and music. Free-Playing and Self Care fills the rest of the time. Also the teachers provides Social studies,math,language and science as well.

33. School-Age-Child Care School-age child care programs provide care for children before and after school. Children from 5-10 years old most often attend. The children could receive help with homework. They also could play games and take part in other activities.

34. Checking-in services. These services hire workers who call the home to make sure the child has arrived home safely. This is a good opinion only for children who are mature enough to provide self care until parents arrive.

35. Parent Cooperatives Parent cooperatives are formed and run by parents who wish to take part in their children’s preschool experience. Members control allows parents to prepare budgets, hire teachers, set program policies and goals, and assist in the classroom. These programs may offer full-day or half-day programs.

36. Parent Cooperatives Cont. Cooperatives provide development experience for adults as well as children. Specifically, Parents.. Obtain guidance in their jobs as parents Learn what child are like at different ages and stages. Gain several free mornings each month. Become familiar with creative activities,materials,and equipment. Gain a more objective picture of their child’s development.

37. Advantages There are many advantages to teaching in a parent cooperative. Since the parents make the administrative decisions,collect fees,and order and repair equipment, the teacher can devote more time to the children and curriculum. Another advantage can be the the special relationships that many times develop between parents and teachers.

38. Disadvantage A major disadvantage of a parent cooperative is the lack of control on the teachers’ part. Although the teacher is the advisor the parents are the ones who are responsible for making the rules. For example: If the child doesn’t have to clean up their toys at home, then at school the teachers asks them to and they refuse to do so, This might cause a problem for the teachers.

39. Laboratory Schools Laboratory Schools, or university- and college- affiliated programs, are located on a postsecondary or college campus, although they provide excellent programs for children, their primary purpose in to support practical experience for future teachers and to serve as a study group for research.

40. High School Child Care Programs Many High Schools have started providing vocational training for child occupations. Many high schools have their own child care laboratory facilities where students can work with preschool children.

41. Sponsorship of Early Childhood Centers There are three kinds of sponsorships: Public, Private, and Employer- Sponsored Centers.

42. Public Sponsorships Publicly sponsored programs are funded by federal, state, or local governments. Some of these funds come through school districts. Other funds may come through social service agencies. State funds may help support programs designed for educational purposes. Publicly funded child care centers,preschools, and laboratory programs may receive several forms of finical support in addition to parental fees.

43. Private Sponsorship The largest group of privately sponsored programs is the privately owned center. These centers rely on parent fees to cover most of the operating expenses. A privately sponsored program may be operated by a house of worship, hospital or charitable organization. Most private programs are independent owners.

44. Child Care Corporations Some child care centers are part of chains operated by large national corporations, although some chains are privately held. Midsize chains typically operate on a regional basis. Often these centers are located in big areas, In order to make a profit in these centers, the enrollment must be high. Curriculum guides may be developed by curriculum specialists hired by the organization and provided to the center staff in each of the locations.

45. Universal Pre- Kindergarten Another type of early childhood educational program is called Universal Pre-Kindergarten (UPK). UPK is sponsored at the state level. These programs are designed for three and four year old children. A high-quality, literary-rich environment is provided.

46. Selecting a Child Care Program Selecting an early childhood program is one of the hardest decisions a parent will make. Ask yourself some of these questions.... 1. Is the center accredited by the National Academy of Early Childhood Programs? 2. Do the Children appear to be happy,active and secure?

47. 3. Are all the staff members educational qualified? 4. Do staff members attend in-service training, professional meetings, and conferences on a regular basis? 5. Are all staff members conducted regularly to plan and evaluate programs activities?

48. More questions to ask yourself 6. Do staff members observe, asses and record each child’s development progress? 7. Does the curriculum support the children’s individual rates of development? 8. Do the staff and curriculum celebrate diversity?

49. Questions to ask yourself 9. Are the indoor and outdoor environments large enough to support a variety of activities? 10. Is the environment inviting, warm and stimulating? 11. Is equipment provided to promote all four areas of development: Physical, Cognitive,Social, and emotional?

50. More... 12. Are safe and sanitary conditions maintained within the building and on the playground? 13. Are teacher-child interactions positive? 14. Are teachers using developmentally appropriate teaching strategies? 15. Are families welcome to observe and participate?

51. 16. Is sufficient equipment available for the number of children attending? 17. Does the climate in the center “feel” positive? 18. Do teachers meet with families regularly to discuss the child’s needs, interest and abilities?

52. Licensing Rules and Regulations Licensing rules and regulations are standards set to ensure that uniform and safe practices are followed. Licensing rules and regulations are typically stated in terms of conditions that affect the safety and heath of the children. A child care licenses is state-provided certificate granting permission to operate a child care center or family child care home.

53. Cont.. Before opening a new center, you have to contact the state licensing agency to obtain an applications. Not all programs needs to be licenses however.

54. The following topics must be addressed in writing to obtain a licenses. Admission procedures and enrollment records. Physical space requirement. Written policies and record keeping. Adult-Child ratios. Staff characteristics. personal policies.

55. Cont.. Safety procedures Daily Schedules transportation polices health procedures health procedure food services and nutrition parent involvement

56. Center Accreditation The best indicator of high-quality early care and education is accreditation. Being accredited certifies that a set of standards has been met by an early childhood program. The National Academy of Early Childhood Programs, a division of NAEYC, administers a voluntary accreditation system.