1. Atlantic Slave Trade and the Columbian Exchange World History

2. Atlantic Slave Trade Slavery had existed for hundreds of years prior to becoming an institution in N. America. Slavery had existed for hundreds of years prior to becoming an institution in N. America. As natives started dying off, the colonies looked to Africa for slaves. Africans were not as vulnerable to disease, many had farmed before, and they had little knowledge of the land and no ties to the native tribes. In other words, there was nowhere they could hide. As natives started dying off, the colonies looked to Africa for slaves. Africans were not as vulnerable to disease, many had farmed before, and they had little knowledge of the land and no ties to the native tribes. In other words, there was nowhere they could hide. The buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas was called the Atlantic slave trade. Between 1500 and 1870, nearly 10 million Africans were transported to the United States. The buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas was called the Atlantic slave trade. Between 1500 and 1870, nearly 10 million Africans were transported to the United States.

3. Atlantic Slave Trade Spain and Portugal were the early leaders in the slave trade. They were often brought to work on the sugar plantations. Spain and Portugal were the early leaders in the slave trade. They were often brought to work on the sugar plantations. As more colonies grew, there was a greater demand for cheap labor. Sugar, tobacco, and coffee plantations were some of the areas that slaves worked in. As more colonies grew, there was a greater demand for cheap labor. Sugar, tobacco, and coffee plantations were some of the areas that slaves worked in. Some African rulers even participated in the slave trade. Merchants would capture members of other tribes and sell them to Europeans. Leaders had been selling slaves to Muslim leaders and they saw no difference in selling them to Westerners. As profits grew, the slave trade grew also. Some African rulers even participated in the slave trade. Merchants would capture members of other tribes and sell them to Europeans. Leaders had been selling slaves to Muslim leaders and they saw no difference in selling them to Westerners. As profits grew, the slave trade grew also.

4. Triangular Trade Transatlantic trading network. Transatlantic trading network. On one route, Europeans took goods to the west coast of Africa. They traded these goods for Africans. On one route, Europeans took goods to the west coast of Africa. They traded these goods for Africans. The Africans were then sold into slavery in the Americas. The Africans were then sold into slavery in the Americas. Merchants would then bring back sugar, coffee, and tobacco to Europe to sell. Merchants would then bring back sugar, coffee, and tobacco to Europe to sell.

5. Middle Passage This was the voyage that took Africans from their native country to the Americas. This was the voyage that took Africans from their native country to the Americas. Voyage was often cruel, with Africans packed into unsanitary conditions in the lower decks of ships. Voyage was often cruel, with Africans packed into unsanitary conditions in the lower decks of ships. Hundreds would die along the way from disease or abuse from the ship’s crew. There are accounts of some committing suicide by jumping into the sea. Hundreds would die along the way from disease or abuse from the ship’s crew. There are accounts of some committing suicide by jumping into the sea. Nearly 20% aboard each slave ship died en route to America. Nearly 20% aboard each slave ship died en route to America.

6. Middle Passage

7. Slavery in America Upon arriving, they were immediately sold to the highest bidder. Upon arriving, they were immediately sold to the highest bidder. Slavery was a horrible existence. They lived on little food and worked extremely long hours. They were in tight living conditions without the common comforts of their owners. Slavery was a horrible existence. They lived on little food and worked extremely long hours. They were in tight living conditions without the common comforts of their owners. They were subject to regular beatings and whippings. They were subject to regular beatings and whippings. Children of slaves were also considered slaves. Children of slaves were also considered slaves.

8. Consequences of Slave Trade Africa lost generations of its people. Africa lost generations of its people. Firearms were introduced into Africa, which helped to spread conflict in the continent. Firearms were introduced into Africa, which helped to spread conflict in the continent. Many colonies would not have survived if not for the labor provided by the slaves. Many colonies would not have survived if not for the labor provided by the slaves. African art, music, and food have gone on to influence American society. African art, music, and food have gone on to influence American society. Many countries in Western Hemisphere now have substantial African-American populations. Many countries in Western Hemisphere now have substantial African-American populations.

9. Columbian Exchange This is the global transfer of food, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas. This is the global transfer of food, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas. Ships brought a large selection of items that many Europeans had never seen before such as tomatoes, squash, pineapples, and tobacco. Ships brought a large selection of items that many Europeans had never seen before such as tomatoes, squash, pineapples, and tobacco. Corn and potatoes were the most important because they were inexpensive to grow and nutritious. Corn and potatoes were the most important because they were inexpensive to grow and nutritious. Europeans also introduced livestock to America such as horses, cattle, and pigs and food such as yams, bananas, and black-eyed peas. Europeans also introduced livestock to America such as horses, cattle, and pigs and food such as yams, bananas, and black-eyed peas. Disease was also a large part of the Columbian exchange. Disease was also a large part of the Columbian exchange.

10. Columbian Exchange Growth in overseas trade led to the Commercial Revolution. This was a new wave of business and trade practices in the 15 th and 16 th centuries. Growth in overseas trade led to the Commercial Revolution. This was a new wave of business and trade practices in the 15 th and 16 th centuries. Capitalism grew. This is an economic system based on private ownership and the investment of wealth for profit. Capitalism grew. This is an economic system based on private ownership and the investment of wealth for profit. Another business venture that developed was the joint-stock company. This was a number of people pooling their wealth for a common purpose. These helped established colonies. Another business venture that developed was the joint-stock company. This was a number of people pooling their wealth for a common purpose. These helped established colonies. European nations adopted a policy of mercantilism. This was a theory that a country’s power depended on its wealth. Thus, the goal of every European country was to get as much wealth as possible. European nations adopted a policy of mercantilism. This was a theory that a country’s power depended on its wealth. Thus, the goal of every European country was to get as much wealth as possible. Favorable balance of trade could increase wealth because you were selling more goods than you bought. Favorable balance of trade could increase wealth because you were selling more goods than you bought.

11. Changes in European Society Commercial Revolution spurred the growth of towns and the rise of the merchant class. Commercial Revolution spurred the growth of towns and the rise of the merchant class. Merchants rose in status because they controlled a lot of wealth. Merchants rose in status because they controlled a lot of wealth. Commercial Revolution increased the wealth of European nations and the power of their rulers more than anything else. Commercial Revolution increased the wealth of European nations and the power of their rulers more than anything else.

12. The First Thanksgiving

13. Background Pre-Columbian Native American population was 10-12 million. Pre-Columbian Native American population was 10-12 million. As Europeans started to colonize, a plague swept through the country. As Europeans started to colonize, a plague swept through the country. Smallpox, influenza, swine flu and other diseases decimated the Native population. Smallpox, influenza, swine flu and other diseases decimated the Native population.

14. Background King James had this to say about the plague- “Thanks to Almighty God in his great goodness and bounty towards us for sending this wonderful plague among the savages.” King James had this to say about the plague- “Thanks to Almighty God in his great goodness and bounty towards us for sending this wonderful plague among the savages.” In 1617, disease swept through the New England area, killing 90-95% of the coastal population. In 1617, disease swept through the New England area, killing 90-95% of the coastal population. Disease helped to inspire the warm reception that the Pilgrims received. Villages were so weakened that they aligned with the Pilgrims out of fear of other tribes. Disease helped to inspire the warm reception that the Pilgrims received. Villages were so weakened that they aligned with the Pilgrims out of fear of other tribes. Howard Simpson- “Villages lay in ruins because there was no one to tend them. The ground was strewn with the skulls and bones of thousands of Indians who had died and none was left to bury them. Howard Simpson- “Villages lay in ruins because there was no one to tend them. The ground was strewn with the skulls and bones of thousands of Indians who had died and none was left to bury them.

15. Why Plymouth? Mayflower was initially going to Jamestown. Mayflower was initially going to Jamestown. Only 35 out of the 102 passengers were Pilgrims seeking religious freedom. The rest were people seeking fortune in the Virginia tobacco farms. Only 35 out of the 102 passengers were Pilgrims seeking religious freedom. The rest were people seeking fortune in the Virginia tobacco farms. Some historians suggest that the Pilgrims may have misled the other passengers and went to the New England area on purpose. Other historians believe they had no real destination in mind. Some historians suggest that the Pilgrims may have misled the other passengers and went to the New England area on purpose. Other historians believe they had no real destination in mind. What is true is that the Plymouth Company already had detailed descriptions of the area provided a couple years earlier by Squanto, a member of the Wampanoag tribe. What is true is that the Plymouth Company already had detailed descriptions of the area provided a couple years earlier by Squanto, a member of the Wampanoag tribe. Fishing off of the New England coast was already being done so they knew that food was available to them. Fishing off of the New England coast was already being done so they knew that food was available to them. The Pilgrims may have also wanted to avoid being under Anglican control, since they had just left England for that very reason. The Pilgrims may have also wanted to avoid being under Anglican control, since they had just left England for that very reason.

16. The Mayflower (re-creation)

17. Plymouth Rock

18. Meeting the Natives Squanto was one of the first Natives to greet the Pilgrims. His entire village was nearly wiped out by disease years earlier. Squanto was one of the first Natives to greet the Pilgrims. His entire village was nearly wiped out by disease years earlier. His first impression of the Pilgrims was that they smelled bad. He tried to get them to bathe, but they wouldn’t listen. His first impression of the Pilgrims was that they smelled bad. He tried to get them to bathe, but they wouldn’t listen. Squanto had learned English as a boy. Squanto had learned English as a boy. He was captured by an English captain in 1605 and spent 9 years in England before sailing back home. He was captured by an English captain in 1605 and spent 9 years in England before sailing back home. He was kidnapped again in 1614 and sold into slavery in Spain. Squanto escaped and made it to England, where he then took another trip back home. He was kidnapped again in 1614 and sold into slavery in Spain. Squanto escaped and made it to England, where he then took another trip back home.

19. The Natives Help Out The Pilgrims started receiving help the second day they were in Plymouth. This is from a Pilgrim’s journal: “We marched to the place we called Cornhill, where we had found the corn before. At another place we had seen before, we dug and found some more corn…In all we had about ten bushels, which will be enough to seed. It was with God’s help that we found this corn, for how else we could have done it, without meeting some Indians who might trouble us.” The Pilgrims started receiving help the second day they were in Plymouth. This is from a Pilgrim’s journal: “We marched to the place we called Cornhill, where we had found the corn before. At another place we had seen before, we dug and found some more corn…In all we had about ten bushels, which will be enough to seed. It was with God’s help that we found this corn, for how else we could have done it, without meeting some Indians who might trouble us.”

20. More Native Help “The next morning, we found a place like a grave. We decided to dig it up. We found first a mat, and under that a fine bow…We also found bowls, trays, dishes, and things like that. We took several of the prettiest things to carry away with us, and covered the body up again.” “The next morning, we found a place like a grave. We decided to dig it up. We found first a mat, and under that a fine bow…We also found bowls, trays, dishes, and things like that. We took several of the prettiest things to carry away with us, and covered the body up again.” What does that sound like? What does that sound like?

21. Thanksgiving Squanto taught the Pilgrims how to plant corn, squash, and pumpkins. He also introduced them to the indigenous turkey, which we eat today. Squanto taught the Pilgrims how to plant corn, squash, and pumpkins. He also introduced them to the indigenous turkey, which we eat today. Several days were set aside in the Fall of 1621 for feasting. This was the first Thanksgiving. Several days were set aside in the Fall of 1621 for feasting. This was the first Thanksgiving. Some evidence suggests, however, that the Spanish had a similar celebration starting in 1565 in St. Augustine, Florida. Some evidence suggests, however, that the Spanish had a similar celebration starting in 1565 in St. Augustine, Florida.

22. First Thanksgiving Meal Venison Venison Turkey Turkey Fowl Fowl Fish Fish Corn Corn Squash Squash Onions Onions Pumpkins Pumpkins Had enough to feed 53 Pilgrims and 90 Indians Had enough to feed 53 Pilgrims and 90 Indians

23. More Thanksgiving Facts Squanto died from a fever in 1622. Squanto died from a fever in 1622. Eastern Indians had actually observed an Autumnal Harvest for centuries. Eastern Indians had actually observed an Autumnal Harvest for centuries. George Washington set aside several days for Thanksgiving starting in 1789, though it wasn’t a national holiday yet. George Washington set aside several days for Thanksgiving starting in 1789, though it wasn’t a national holiday yet. Lincoln proclaimed it a national holiday in 1863. Why then? Lincoln proclaimed it a national holiday in 1863. Why then? Franklin Roosevelt moved Thanksgiving back a week in 1941 in order to provide an economic boost. Franklin Roosevelt moved Thanksgiving back a week in 1941 in order to provide an economic boost. The Pilgrims were not commonly known as Pilgrims until the 1870’s. The Pilgrims were not commonly known as Pilgrims until the 1870’s. The Pilgrims weren’t even included in the tradition until the 1890’s. The Pilgrims weren’t even included in the tradition until the 1890’s.

24. Thanksgiving Today Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade will celebrate it’s 80 th anniversary this year. Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade will celebrate it’s 80 th anniversary this year. Takes place in New York City. Takes place in New York City.

25. Mr. Potato Head sneaks up on unsuspecting New Yorker

26. Thanksgiving Today Thanksgiving week is one of the busiest travel weeks of the year, behind only Christmas. Thanksgiving week is one of the busiest travel weeks of the year, behind only Christmas. 78% of all workers in U.S. are off on Thanksgiving. 78% of all workers in U.S. are off on Thanksgiving.

27. Thanksgiving Travel

28. Thanksgiving Today Thanksgiving Day football games have become an American tradition. Thanksgiving Day football games have become an American tradition. Some families and friends play in their backyard, while others watch the NFL on television. Some families and friends play in their backyard, while others watch the NFL on television. Detroit Lions have hosted a Thanksgiving game every year since 1934. Detroit Lions have hosted a Thanksgiving game every year since 1934.

29. Thanksgiving Today Day after Thanksgiving is the biggest shopping day of the year. Day after Thanksgiving is the biggest shopping day of the year. Referred to as “Black Friday” because retailers get into the black (making a profit) in sales. Referred to as “Black Friday” because retailers get into the black (making a profit) in sales. Retailers provide great deals as incentive to shoppers. Retailers provide great deals as incentive to shoppers. 175 million shoppers. 175 million shoppers. $11 billion dollars spent. $11 billion dollars spent.

30. Black Friday

31. Have a Great Thanksgiving!