1. Evolution of the Tetrapods

3. Vertebrates

4. The Origin of Tetrapods  The first vertebrates on land were amphibians in the Devonian (400 mya)  Arose from the rhipidistian (a family of lobed finned fish) (based on morhpology) or a lungfish (DNA)

5. Origin of Tetrapods

7. Classification  Phylum: Chordata  Subphylum: Vertebrata  Superclass: Gnathostomata  Class: Amphibia –Order: Urodela (Salamanders) –Order: Anurans (Frogs and Toads) –Order: Apodans (Caecilians)

8. Class: Amphibia  Two lives –refers to metamorphosis of many frogs  Skin smooth and moist (cutaneous respiration)  _____ chambered heart with a double circulation system  Mesolecithal eggs with jelly-like membrane 3

9. Order: Urodela  400 species  Salamanders  Retain their tail as adults  Limbs are at right angles to the body  Carnivorous  Most have internal fertilization using a _____________  Axolotl - paedomorphosis Spermatophore

10. Order: Anurans  3500 species  Frogs and Toads  Lose their tail as adults  Hind limbs are adapted for jumping  Tongue connected to front of mouth  Secrete mucus  __________ Fertilization External

11. Order: Apodans  150 species  Caecilians  Legless and blind  Mostly Tropical  __________ Fertilization  Usually give birth to live young. Internal

12. Gas Exchange

13. Conditions for Respiratory Surfaces  Large surface area  Thin  Moist

14. Aquatic vs. Terrestrial  Less than ____% oxygen  Oxygen amounts decrease as the temperature increases  Aquatic animals use large amounts of energy to obtain oxygen (____%)  About _____% oxygen  Developed invaginations to increase surface area and decrease evaporation  Terrestrial animals may use only 1% - 2% of its energy to obtain oxygen 121 20

16. Respiratory Surfaces  Cutaneous Respiration  Gills  Tracheal Systems  Lungs

17. Cutaneous Respiration  Direct diffusion of gases between the organism and the environment  Found in Porifera, Cnidarians, Platyhelminthes, nematodes, Annelids, and some Amphibians  Supplements other organisms (amphibians)

18. Gills  Found in echino- derms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, some vertebrates  Countercurrent Gas Exchange

19. Countercurrent Gas Exchange  Maintains gradient over the whole length of the capillaries  Extracts ____% of the oxygen from the water 80

20. Tracheal Systems  Found in arthropods  Tracheae –open tubes  Spiracles –openings  Tracheoles –contact with cells  Muscle –increase amount of Carbon Dioxide removed

21. Tracheal Systems

22. Diffusion Lungs  Found in invertebrates  Gas moved primarily by diffusion –may be increased by body movement  Modifications –snails - cavity with gill modified into lung –scorpions and spiders - invaginations of the abdomen

23. Ventilation Lungs  Found in amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi  Bronchioles  Alveoli

24. Alveoli

25. Ventilating The Lungs  _______ Pressure Breathing –pushes air down trachea –seen in frogs and other amphibians  ________ Pressure Breathing –suction created by diaphragm –seen in mammals Positive Negative

26. Negative Pressure Breathing

27. Evolution of the _________ Egg  Allows animals to complete their entire life cycle on land  Has shell that retains water (or is lost when kept inside mammals)  Specialized extraembryonic membranes (not part of the animal) Amniotic

28. The Amniotic Egg

29. Evolution of the Amniotic Egg  Amnion - Protects from dehydration and mechanical shock  Yolk Sac - Nutrient storage  Albumin (egg white) - Nutrient storage  Allantois - stores waste, gas exchange  Chorion - gas exchange

30. Amniotes

31. Amniotes

32. How Reptiles differ from Amphibians  Tough, dry skin  Amniotic egg  Crushing or gripping jaws  Copulatory organs  More efficient circulatory system with a higher blood pressure  More developed lungs (thoracic breathing)  Better water conservation  Better body support and limbs  Better nervous system

33. Classification  Phylum: Chordata  Subphylum: Vertebrata  Superclass: Gnathostomata  Class: Reptilia (not real) –Class: Testudines (Turtles and Tortoises) –Class: Spenodontia (Tuataras) –Class: Squamata (Lizards and Snakes) –Class: Crocodilia (Crocodiles and Alligators)

34. Reptile Radiation  Synapsids (therapsids) - led to mammals  Sauropsids –_________ (turtles) –_________ (all others) Anapsid Diapsid

35. Class: Testudines (Chelonia)  Protective Shell –Carapace (top) –Plastron (bottom)  Land and Sea - Evolved on land and returned to water (lay eggs on land) Largest, Leatherback Sea Turtle (2,000 lbs!)

36. Class: Testudines (Chelonia)  No _____  Most move legs to breathe  TDS (low:male high:female) teeth

37. Class: Sphenodontia  ___________ –Two living species (New Zealand) –Not a True Lizard (no external ears, different teeth) –Very Primitive (similar to mesozoic reptiles –Well developed eye below skin? Tuataras

38. Class: Squamata  Lizards –geckos, iguanas, skinks, chameleons  terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic, arboreal  moveable eyelids (in most)  Paired copulatory organs

39. Class: Squamata  Tongue usually not bifurcated  Lower jaw loosely connected to skull  TSD (female to male)  ______________ Parthenogenesis

40. Class: Squamata

43. Gila Monster – One of two poisonous lizards One of two poisonous lizards Protein in saliva studied to treat diabetes. Protein in saliva studied to treat diabetes.

44. Class: Squamata  Snakes  Lack limbs  Lack moveable eyelids

45. Class: Squamata  Bifurcated tongue  _________ organ  Pit Vipers (Loreal Pits) Jacobson’s

46. Class: Squamata  Venom –Viperidae (Folding Fangs)  Rattlesnakes –Elapidae (Fixed Front Fangs)  Cobras, Sea Snakes, Coral Snakes –neurotoxic –hemotoxic

47. Class: Squamata

50. Feeding Adaptations  Teeth curved and pointed inward  Hinged __________ bone  Bones of jaw are attached by muscles and ligaments  Moveable palate  Elastic skin  No sternum Quadrate

51. Class: Crocodilia  Largest living reptiles  Most closely related to dinosaurs  Complete secondary ________  Four chambered heart (?)  Nest temperature (female/male) palate

52. Dinosaurs and Pterosaurs  Dinosaurs –Ornithischian –Saurischian –Pterosaurs –flying reptiles

53. Animal Structure and Function (4 th exam)

54. Animal Nutrition

55. Nutritional Requirements  Undernourished –not enough calories  Overnourished –too many calories  ____________ –missing one or more essential nutrients Malnourished

56. Essential Nutrients  Essential Amino Acids  Essential Fatty Acids  Essential Vitamins  Essential Minerals

57. Essential Amino Acids  Found in proteins –20 different types  8 essential in adult humans (9 infants)  all in animal proteins  vegetarians need to eat grains and beans

58. __________ – Essential in infants Histidine

59. Essential Fatty Acids  Unsaturated fatty acids –used to make phospholipids for membranes

60. Essential Vitamins  Fat Soluble –stored in fat –___________  Water Soluble –excreted in urine –B complex and C D, A, K, E

61. Essential Minerals  Inorganic nutrients –Calcium & Phosphorous  bones –Iron  anemia –Iodine  thyroid hormones –Sodium, Chlorine, & Potassium  nerve function, water regulation

62. Food Types  Heterotrophic –Herbivores –Carnivores –Omnivores –Insectivores

63. Feeding Adaptations  Suspension Feeders

64. Feeding Adaptations  Substrate Feeders

65. Feeding Adaptations  Fluid Feeders

66. Feeding Adaptations  Bulk Feeders

67. Intracellular Digestion  Inside cells  All animals  Exclusive in: –Protista –Porifera

68. Extracellular Digestion  Outside cells  All animals above the sponges  Two Types –_________________ Gastrovascular Cavity Alimentary Canal

69. Gastrovascular Cavity  One opening  Found in Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes

70. Alimentary Canal  Two openings  Allows for specialization –Mouth –Pharynx –Esophagus –Crop –Gizzard –Stomach –Intestine –Anus

72. Mammalian Digestion  Accessory Glands –salivary glands –pancreas –liver (emulsification) –gallbladder  Peristalsis  Sphincters  “Food” –bolus –acid chyme –feces

73. Macromolecule Digestion

75. Dentition and Diet  Nonmammal vertebrates  Carnivores –canines (grasping/puncturing ) –incisors (tearing) –molars and premolars  (crushing and grinding)  Herbivores  Omnivores

76. Digestive Tracts  Carnivores –________ digestive system –small cecum  Herbivores –________ digestive system –large cecum shorter Longer