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INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Mr. Norazli Ghadin Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Course Outline Subject Name : Medical Microbiology 1
Subject Code : MLT 1222 Contact Hour/Week : Theory & tutorial 2 hour Lab 2 hour Assessment : Final examination : 60 % Mid term : 20% Quiz : 5% Attendance & Participitation : 5 %
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Learning Objective Know the History of medical microbiology
Understands the field of microbiology Explain the importance of medical microbiology Explain laboratory safety List essential topics in medical microbiology Know and understand the laboratory procedure involved in microbiology
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Topics No Topic 1 Introduction to Medical Microbiology 2
Laboratory Rules and Hazards Symbols 3 Sterilization Technique 4 Microbiology Instrumentation 5 Introduction to bacteriology 6 Bacterial culture and growth 7 Technique in bacteriology lab 8 Culture media 9 Bacterial Staining and microscopy 10 Bacterial Count 11 Biochemical Test MID Term Final
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Lets the fun Start
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Course objectives To provide the student with the basic knowledge of micro-organisms in general Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Coverage of subject General Microbiology Bacteriology Mycology
Virology
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What is Microbiology? Microbes, or microorganisms are minute living things that are usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye. What are some examples of microbes? Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses are examples! Some are pathogenic Many are beneficial Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Defining Microbiology
The study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye Eg: viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, Protozoa Microbiologists study the morphology cytology, physiology, ecology, taxonomy, genetics, molecular biology Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Organisms included in the study of Microbiology
Name of study 1. Bacteria 2. Protozoans 3. Algae 4. Parasites 5. Yeasts and Molds Fungi 6. Viruses Bacteriology Protozoology Phycology Parasitology Mycology Virology
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History of Microbiology
, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions. Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
Anton van Leeuwenhoek - 1st person to actually see living microorganisms 荷兰人吕文虎克 (Leeuwenhoek) “wee animalcules” Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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History of microbiology
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723): was the first microbiologist and the first person to observe bacteria using a single-lens microscope of his own design. Louis Pasteur (1822–1895): Pasteur developed a process (today known as pasteurization) to kill microbes. pasteurization is accomplished by heating liquids to 63° to 65°C for 30 minutes or to 73° to 75°C for 15 seconds. Robert Koch (1843–1910): was a pioneer in medical microbiology and worked in cholera, anthrax and tuberculosis. He was awarded a Nobel prize in 1905 (Koch's postulates) he set out criteria to test. Alexander Fleming (1929): Discovered penicillin. Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Louis Pasteur 1922 - 95 Contributed best in Microbiology Sterilization
Hot Air oven Autoclave Anthrax vaccine Rabies vaccine Built the Pasteur Institute Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Louis Pasteur Pasteur coined the word Vaccine
Vacca – Cow cow pox virus are given for the prevention of Small Pox Louis Pasteur considered the father of Modern Microbiology Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Robert Koch 1843 - 1910 A German scientist
Formulated the Bacteriological techniques Staining Methods Discovered the Mycobacterium and Vibrio cholera Introduce systematic methods to prove causes of diesease. (Koch postulate)
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Koch’s Postulates 1 The bacterium should be constantly associated with lesions of Disease 2 It should be possible to isolate the bacterium in pure culture from the lesions 3 Inoculation of such pure culture into laboratory animal should reproduce the lesions of the disease 4 It is possible to reisolate the bacterium in pure culture from the lesions produced in the experimental animal Additional criterion specific antibodies in the serum of patients suffering with disease Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Koch’s postulates Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Microbes make the Universe
There are > 5 x types Microbes in the world Humans have intimate relation with Microbes > 90% of the cells in our Body are Microbes Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Classification Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Three domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Protists Fungi Plants Animals
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Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order
Carnivora Primata Family Canidae Hominidae Genus Canis Homo Species familiaris sapiens
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Naming and Classifying Microorganisms
Carolus Linnaeus (1735) established the system of scientific nomenclature. Each organism has two names: the genus and specific epithet. Are italicized or underlined. The genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is lower case. Eg: Homo sapiens Homo sapiens Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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How to Study Medical Microbiology?
Fundamentals of Microbiology Biological Properties Morphology, identification, Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical findings Diagnostic Laboratory Tests Treatment & Prevention Epidemiology & Control Bacteriology Virology Mycology Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Basic Classification of Microorganism
Eukaryotes Large in size Mitochondria Present Membrane bound Nucleus Eg Algae Protozoa Fungi Slime Moulds Contains all enzymes for production of metabolic energy Prokaryotes Small in Size DNA not separated from cytoplasm Mitochondria absent Eg Bacteria Contains all enzymes like Eukaryotes Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Summary of differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cells
Prokaryotic cells Eukaryote cells Small cell (< 5µm) Larger cells (> 10 µm) Always unicellular Often multicellular No nucleus or any membrane bound organelles Always have nucleus and membranes bound organelles. DNA circular, without proteins DNA is linear and associated with proteins to form chromatin. Ribosomes are small 70S Ribosomes are large 80S No cytoskeleton Always have cytoskeleton Motility by rigid rotating flagellum made from flagellin Motility by flexible waving cilia or flagella made from tubulins. Cell division is by binary fission Cell division is by meiosis and mitosis. Reproduction is always asexual Reproduction is sexual and asexual.
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Bacteria Prokaryotes Peptidoglycan cell walls Binary fission
For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Pathogenic Prokaryotes
Bacteria Mycoplasma Spirochetes Chlamydiae Rickettsia Actinomyces Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Viruses A viral particle consists of a nucleic acid molecule, either DNA or RNA, enclosed in a protein coat, or capsid Viruses lack many of the attributes of cells, including the ability to replicate. Only when it infects a cell does a virus acquire the key attribute of a living system: reproduction Viruses are known to infect all cells, including microbial cells. Host-virus interactions tend to be highly specific Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Discovery of Virus Iwanovski Beijerinck confirmed Walter Reed, USA
a Russian chemist, 1892 Tobacco Mosaic Disease Beijerinck confirmed Walter Reed, USA Yellow fever virus Ist human virus Tobacco mosaic disease, caused by the tobacco mosaic virus Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Prion A kind of infectious protein that can resist the digestion of proteinase The cellular form of the prion protein (PrPc) is encoded by the host’s chromosomal DNA An abnormal isoform of this protein (PrPres) is the only known component of the prion and is associated with transmissibility. Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann- Sträussler-Scheinker disease, fatal familial insomnia , and Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Viroid Small, single-stranded, covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing as highly base-paired rod-like structures; they do not possess capsids They range in size from 246 to 375 nucleotides in length. The extracellular form of the viroid is naked RNA—there is no capsid of any kind The RNA molecule contains no protein-encoding genes, and the viroid is therefore totally dependent on host functions for its replication The RNAs of viroids have been shown to contain inverted repeated base sequences at their 3' and 5' ends, a characteristic of transposable elements and retroviruses. Thus, it is likely that they have evolved from transposable elements or retroviruses by the deletion of internal sequences Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Scientific era of Antibiotics
1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic. He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus. 1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced. Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Discovery of Antibiotics
Alexander Fleming ( ) Sir Alexander Fleming Ernst Boris Chain Sir Howard Walter Florey Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
Penicillin Mold Pencillium notatum 1928 Alexander Fleming Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Modern Developments Bacteriology is the study of bacteria.
Mycology is the study of fungi. Parasitology is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms. Recent advances in genomics, the study of an organism’s genes, have provided new tools for classifying microorganisms. Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Microbes and Human Disease
Normal micro biota prevent growth of pathogens. Normal micro biota produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K. Resistance is the ability of the body to ward off disease. Resistance factors include skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals. Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Bacteria - what comes to mind?
Diseases Infections Epidemics Food Spoilage Only 1% of all known bacteria cause human diseases About 4% of all known bacteria cause plant diseases 95% of known bacteria are non-pathogens Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus pneumonia Vibrio cholera Rhodospirillium rubrum Bacillus subtilis Micrococcus luteus Escherichia coli Bacillus anthrasis Salmonella enteridis Streptococcus pyogenes Steptococcus lactis Streptococcus faecalis Erlichia canis Campylobacter jujuni Helicobacter pylori Enterobacter aerogenes Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Microbes Benefit Humans
1.Bacteria are primary decomposers - recycle nutrients back into the environment (sewage treatment plants) 2. Microbes produce various food products cheese, pickles, sauerkraut, green olives yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar, bread Beer, Wine, Alcohol Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Microbes are also capable of causing many diseases
Pneumonia Whooping Cough Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1 Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2 Meningitis Tetanus RMSV Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Parasitology Parasitology is the study of parasites .and their interactions with their hosts. The science of parasitology has a long history and has its roots in zoology, with its emphasis on the identification and classification of parasites and of life cycles, Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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What Are Fungi Considerable variation in size.
Internal Molecular system Well defined cell wall composed of polysaccharides Gaining importance in Immunosupressed patients and increased use of Antibiotics Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Zoonotic Diseases Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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How Humans Respond to Infections Study of Immunology
In spite of Infection we survive with our ability to protect with a system inherent in our Body Called the Immune response comprises the Medical Immunology Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Why we should Medical Microbiology
We study the Microbes which infects and causes Diseases We study their Diagnosis Prevention Treatment Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Modern Developments in Microbiology
Immunology is the study of immunity. Vaccines and interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases. The use of immunology to identify some bacteria according to serotypes (variants within a species) was proposed by Rebecca Lancefield in 1933. Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Must learn Treatment and Control and Prevention
Natural History of the Disease Etiology Pathogenesis Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Control and Prevention Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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We must be familiar with Knowledge On ….
Names of the Microbes Names of the diseases Mode of transmission Pathogenic Microbes Commensal Organisms Identify wether Bacteria, Virus, Parasite or Fungi Treating and Preventing Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy
Treatment with chemicals is chemotherapy. Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes. Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria. 1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis. 1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized. Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Commonly Used Antibiotics
Penicillin Cephalosporins, Tetracycline's Quinolones Vancomycin Chloramphenicol Drugs for Tuberculosis eg Streptomycin Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Vaccines Produce Immunity and Prevents Several Infections
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Commonly used Vaccines
Small pox eradicated BCG, MMR Polio oral Vaccine Triple Antigen Hepatitis B Vaccine Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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What Skills You should Develop
Able to identify the Infective Conditions Timely Diagnosis Choosing appropriate tests Selection of Antibiotics Implement measures to prevent diseases in patients and Society Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Protect Yourself from Infections
Certain infections can infect you Eg HIV, Hepatitis B infections,Tubercul osis,Many respiratory infections Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Working In the Hospital
Hospitals are not safe Follow Universal precaution protect yourself as our patients can be source of Infection if you don't handle the matters with scientific knowledge. Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Medical Microbiology advanced Beyond our Imagination Can we handle it ???
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Email Norazli.ghadin@city.edu.my Web Norazlicucst.weebly.com
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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