1. INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Mr. Norazli Ghadin
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

2. Course Outline Subject Name : Medical Microbiology 1
Subject Code : MLT 1222
Contact Hour/Week :
Theory & tutorial 2 hour
Lab 2 hour
Assessment :
Final examination : 60 %
Mid term : 20%
Quiz : 5%
Attendance & Participitation : 5 %

3. Learning Objective Know the History of medical microbiology
Understands the field of microbiology
Explain the importance of medical microbiology
Explain laboratory safety
List essential topics in medical microbiology
Know and understand the laboratory procedure involved in microbiology

4. Topics No Topic 1 Introduction to Medical Microbiology 2
Laboratory Rules and Hazards Symbols 3
Sterilization Technique 4
Microbiology Instrumentation 5
Introduction to bacteriology 6
Bacterial culture and growth 7
Technique in bacteriology lab 8
Culture media 9
Bacterial Staining and microscopy 10
Bacterial Count 11
Biochemical Test
MID Term
Final

5. Lets the fun Start

6. Course objectives
To provide the student with the basic knowledge of micro-organisms in general
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

7. Coverage of subject General Microbiology Bacteriology Mycology
Virology

8. What is Microbiology?
Microbes, or microorganisms are minute living things that are usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye.
What are some examples of microbes?
Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses are examples!
Some are pathogenic
Many are beneficial
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

9. Defining Microbiology
The study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye
Eg:
viruses,
bacteria,
algae,
fungi,
Protozoa
Microbiologists study the
morphology
cytology,
physiology,
ecology,
taxonomy,
genetics,
molecular biology
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

10. Organisms included in the study of Microbiology
Name of study
1. Bacteria
2. Protozoans
3. Algae
4. Parasites
5. Yeasts and Molds
Fungi
6. Viruses
Bacteriology Protozoology Phycology Parasitology Mycology Virology

11. History of Microbiology
, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

12. - 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms
荷兰人吕文虎克
（Leeuwenhoek）
“wee animalcules”
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

13. History of microbiology
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723): was the first microbiologist and the first person to observe bacteria using a single-lens microscope of his own design.
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895): Pasteur developed a process (today known as pasteurization) to kill microbes. pasteurization is accomplished by heating liquids to 63° to 65°C for 30 minutes or to 73° to 75°C for 15 seconds.
Robert Koch (1843–1910): was a pioneer in medical microbiology and worked in cholera, anthrax and tuberculosis. He was awarded a Nobel prize in 1905 (Koch's postulates) he set out criteria to test.
Alexander Fleming (1929): Discovered penicillin.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

14. Louis Pasteur 1922 - 95 Contributed best in Microbiology Sterilization
Hot Air oven
Autoclave
Anthrax vaccine
Rabies vaccine
Built the Pasteur Institute
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

15. Louis Pasteur Pasteur coined the word Vaccine
Vacca – Cow cow pox virus are given for the prevention of Small Pox
Louis Pasteur considered the father of Modern Microbiology
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

16. Robert Koch 1843 - 1910 A German scientist
Formulated the Bacteriological techniques
Staining Methods
Discovered the
Mycobacterium and
Vibrio cholera
Introduce systematic methods to prove causes of diesease. (Koch postulate)

17. Koch’s Postulates
1 The bacterium should be constantly associated with lesions of Disease
2 It should be possible to isolate the bacterium in pure culture from the lesions
3 Inoculation of such pure culture into laboratory animal should reproduce the lesions of the disease
4 It is possible to reisolate the bacterium in pure culture from the lesions produced in the experimental animal
Additional criterion specific antibodies in the serum of patients suffering with disease
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

18. Koch’s postulates
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

19. Microbes make the Universe
There are > 5 x types Microbes in the world
Humans have intimate relation with Microbes > 90% of the cells in our Body are Microbes
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

20. Classification Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Three domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals

21. Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order
Carnivora
Primata
Family
Canidae
Hominidae
Genus
Canis
Homo
Species
familiaris
sapiens

22. Naming and Classifying Microorganisms
Carolus Linnaeus (1735) established the system of scientific nomenclature.
Each organism has two names: the genus and specific epithet.
Are italicized or underlined. The genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is lower case.
Eg: Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

23. How to Study Medical Microbiology?
Fundamentals of Microbiology
Biological Properties
Morphology, identification,
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical findings
Diagnostic Laboratory Tests
Treatment & Prevention
Epidemiology & Control
Bacteriology
Virology
Mycology
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

24. Basic Classification of Microorganism
Eukaryotes
Large in size
Mitochondria Present
Membrane bound Nucleus
Eg Algae
Protozoa
Fungi
Slime Moulds
Contains all enzymes for production of metabolic energy
Prokaryotes
Small in Size
DNA not separated from cytoplasm
Mitochondria absent
Eg Bacteria
Contains all enzymes like Eukaryotes
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

25. Summary of differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cells
Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryote cells
Small cell (< 5µm)
Larger cells (> 10 µm)
Always unicellular
Often multicellular
No nucleus or any membrane bound organelles
Always have nucleus and membranes bound organelles.
DNA circular, without proteins
DNA is linear and associated with proteins to form chromatin.
Ribosomes are small 70S
Ribosomes are large 80S
No cytoskeleton
Always have cytoskeleton
Motility by rigid rotating flagellum made from flagellin
Motility by flexible waving cilia or flagella made from tubulins.
Cell division is by binary fission
Cell division is by meiosis and mitosis.
Reproduction is always asexual
Reproduction is sexual and asexual.

26. Bacteria Prokaryotes Peptidoglycan cell walls Binary fission
For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

27. Pathogenic Prokaryotes
Bacteria
Mycoplasma
Spirochetes
Chlamydiae
Rickettsia
Actinomyces
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

28. Viruses
A viral particle consists of a nucleic acid molecule, either DNA or RNA, enclosed in a protein coat, or capsid
Viruses lack many of the attributes of cells, including the ability to replicate. Only when it infects a cell does a virus acquire the key attribute of a living system: reproduction
Viruses are known to infect all cells, including microbial cells. Host-virus interactions tend to be highly specific
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

29. Discovery of Virus Iwanovski Beijerinck confirmed Walter Reed, USA
a Russian chemist, 1892
Tobacco Mosaic Disease
Beijerinck confirmed
Walter Reed, USA
Yellow fever virus
Ist human virus
Tobacco mosaic disease,
caused by the tobacco
mosaic virus
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

30. Prion
A kind of infectious protein that can resist the digestion of proteinase
The cellular form of the prion protein (PrPc) is encoded by the host’s chromosomal DNA
An abnormal isoform of this protein (PrPres) is the only known component of the prion and is associated with transmissibility.
Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-
Sträussler-Scheinker disease, fatal familial insomnia
, and Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

31. Viroid
Small, single-stranded, covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing as highly base-paired
rod-like structures; they do not possess capsids
They range in size from 246 to 375 nucleotides in length. The extracellular form of the viroid is naked RNA—there is no capsid of any kind
The RNA molecule contains no protein-encoding genes, and the viroid is therefore totally dependent on host functions for its replication
The RNAs of viroids have been shown to contain
inverted repeated base sequences at their 3' and 5' ends, a characteristic of transposable elements and retroviruses. Thus, it is likely that they have evolved
from transposable elements or retroviruses by the deletion of internal sequences
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

32. Scientific era of Antibiotics
1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic.
He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus.
1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

33. Discovery of Antibiotics
Alexander Fleming ( )
Sir Alexander Fleming Ernst Boris Chain Sir Howard Walter Florey
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

34. Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
Penicillin
Mold
Pencillium notatum
1928 Alexander Fleming
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

35. Modern Developments Bacteriology is the study of bacteria.
Mycology is the study of fungi.
Parasitology is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms.
Recent advances in genomics, the study of an organism’s genes, have provided new tools for classifying microorganisms.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

36. Microbes and Human Disease
Normal micro biota prevent growth of pathogens.
Normal micro biota produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K.
Resistance is the ability of the body to ward off disease.
Resistance factors include skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

37. Bacteria - what comes to mind?
Diseases
Infections
Epidemics
Food Spoilage
Only 1% of all known bacteria cause human diseases
About 4% of all known bacteria cause plant diseases
95% of known bacteria are non-pathogens
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

38. Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus pneumonia
Vibrio cholera
Rhodospirillium rubrum
Bacillus subtilis
Micrococcus luteus
Escherichia coli
Bacillus anthrasis
Salmonella enteridis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Steptococcus lactis
Streptococcus faecalis
Erlichia canis
Campylobacter jujuni
Helicobacter pylori
Enterobacter aerogenes
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

39. Microbes Benefit Humans
1.Bacteria are primary decomposers - recycle nutrients back into the environment (sewage treatment plants)
2. Microbes produce various food products
cheese, pickles, sauerkraut, green olives
yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar, bread
Beer, Wine, Alcohol
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

40. Microbes are also capable of causing many diseases
Pneumonia Whooping Cough Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1 Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2 Meningitis Tetanus RMSV Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

41. Parasitology
Parasitology is the study of parasites .and their interactions with their hosts. The science of parasitology has a long history and has its roots in zoology, with its emphasis on the identification and classification of parasites and of life cycles,
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

42. What Are Fungi Considerable variation in size.
Internal Molecular system
Well defined cell wall composed of polysaccharides
Gaining importance in Immunosupressed patients and increased use of Antibiotics
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

43. Zoonotic Diseases
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

44. How Humans Respond to Infections Study of Immunology
In spite of Infection we survive with our ability to protect with a system inherent in our Body
Called the Immune response comprises the Medical Immunology
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

45. Why we should Medical Microbiology
We study the Microbes which infects and causes Diseases
We study their
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

46. Modern Developments in Microbiology
Immunology is the study of immunity. Vaccines and interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases.
The use of immunology to identify some bacteria according to serotypes (variants within a species) was proposed by Rebecca Lancefield in 1933.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

47. Must learn Treatment and Control and Prevention
Natural History of the Disease
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control and Prevention
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

48. We must be familiar with Knowledge On ….
Names of the Microbes
Names of the diseases
Mode of transmission
Pathogenic Microbes
Commensal Organisms
Identify wether Bacteria, Virus, Parasite or Fungi
Treating and Preventing
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

49. The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy
Treatment with chemicals is chemotherapy.
Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics.
Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes.
Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria.
1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis.
1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

50. Commonly Used Antibiotics
Penicillin
Cephalosporins,
Tetracycline's
Quinolones
Vancomycin
Chloramphenicol
Drugs for Tuberculosis eg Streptomycin
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

51. Vaccines Produce Immunity and Prevents Several Infections
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

52. Commonly used Vaccines
Small pox eradicated
BCG,
MMR
Polio oral Vaccine
Triple Antigen
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

53. What Skills You should Develop
Able to identify the Infective Conditions Timely Diagnosis Choosing appropriate tests Selection of Antibiotics Implement measures to prevent diseases in patients and Society
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

54. Protect Yourself from Infections
Certain infections can infect you
Eg HIV, Hepatitis B infections,Tubercul osis,Many respiratory infections
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55. Working In the Hospital
Hospitals are not safe
Follow Universal precaution protect yourself as our patients can be source of Infection if you don't handle the matters with scientific knowledge.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

56. Medical Microbiology advanced Beyond our Imagination Can we handle it ???
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

57. Email Norazli.ghadin@city.edu.my Web Norazlicucst.weebly.com
Dr.T.V.Rao MD