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Respiratory System Chapter 23
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Superficial To Deep Nose Produces mucus; filters, warms and moistens incoming air
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Superficial To Deep Pharynx Passageway for air and food
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Superficial To Deep Larynx Air passageway; prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract Houses vocal cords
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Superficial To Deep Trachea Air passageway; cleans, warms and moistens incoming air
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Superficial To Deep Pleurae Produce lubricating fluid and compartmentalizes lungs
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Superficial To Deep Lungs House passageways of bronchial tree and alveoli
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Superficial To Deep Bronchial Tree Air passageway connecting trachea with alveoli; warms and moistens incoming air
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Superficial To Deep Alveoli Main sites of gas exchange
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Who is the Main Player? ALVEOLI Site of gas exchange Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
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Inspiration and Expiration Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to 760 mmHg. In order to inhale, pressure inside the lungs must decrease by at least 1.
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Inspiration and Expiration Inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends; rib cage rises)
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Inspiration and Expiration Thoracic cavity volume increases
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Inspiration and Expiration Lungs stretched; intrapulmonary pressure drops
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Inspiration and Expiration Intrapulmonary pressure drops (at least 1 mmHg relative to the atmosphere)
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Inspiration and Expiration Air (gases) flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure)
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Inspiration and Expiration In order to exhale, pressure must be greater in the lungs than outside.
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Inspiration and Expiration Inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises; rib cage descends due to gravity)
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Inspiration and Expiration Thoracic cavity volume decreases
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Inspiration and Expiration Elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases.
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Inspiration and Expiration Intrapulmonary pressure rises (at least 1 mmHg relative to the atmosphere)
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Inspiration and Expiration Air (gases) flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
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Inspiration and Expiration Intrapleural pressure is always -4mmHg compared to intrapulmonary pressure Pleural fluid secures the pleurae together, similar to two slides held together by water.
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Inspiration and Expiration The importance of the negative pressure is: Any condition that equalizes the intrapleural pressure with intrapulmonary pressure (or atmospheric) causes lung collapse.
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Inspiration and Expiration The presence of air in the intrapleural space is called pneumothorax One lung can be fine and the other be collapsed since they are in separate cavities
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Structure and Function External respiration, or ventilation, brings oxygen into the lungs Internal respiration exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells Cellular respiration changes acid produced during metabolism into harmless chemicals in the cells
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Mechanics of Breathing
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Following the Inhalation Process Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or mouth Air from the nose or mouth is then funneled through the throat and into the trachea The trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi
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Following the Inhalation Process Each bronchus enters one of the lungs and then branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles The bronchioles have small sacs at their ends called alveoli Capillaries in the walls of the alveoli exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide by the process of diffusion
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Assessment Techniques Rate The normal rate of respiration varies with age, gender, posture, exercise, temperature, and other factors Character Respirations should have a regular rhythm, occurring at regular intervals Sounds Breath sounds can be heard by using a stethoscope
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Assessment Techniques (continued) Lung volume The amount of air that can be brought into the lungs is called respiratory capacity Blood gases Studies measure how much oxygen (O 2 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are in the blood, the blood's pH and other gases
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Respiratory Capacity
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Disorders of the Respiratory System Anthrax Caused by spores of the bacterium Asthma attack May result from exposure to an allergen, cold temperature, exercise, or emotion Atelectasis A collapse of part or all of a lung, caused by a tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia, or injury
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Bronchitis An infection of the bronchi Carbon monoxide poisoning Occurs from breathing carbon monoxide Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease A group of chronic respiratory disorders including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Cold A respiratory infection Cystic fibrosis A genetic disorder of the exocrine glands Emphysema The alveoli lose elasticity and become dilated and do not exchange gases well
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Hay fever A respiratory inflammation caused by allergens such as plants, dust, and food Lung cancer Directly linked to smoking and smoke products
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Pleural effusion A condition in which air or fluid enters the pleural cavity Pleurisy An inflammation of the membranes that line the lungs Pneumonia An inflammation of the lungs, in which a buildup of excessive moisture impairs breathing
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Respiratory distress syndrome A condition that occurs when the alveoli do not inflate properly Sinusitis An inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) A respiratory disorder of newborns
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Tuberculosis Caused by bacteria that are difficult to destroy, and it can be transmitted through the air Upper respiratory infection Caused by a virus or bacteria in the nose, pharynx, or larynx
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