1. Goal Orientation Theory EDU 330: Educational Psychology Daniel Moos, PhD

2. Goal Orientation: Introduction “Whereas other motivational theories (e.g., attribution theory) examine students' beliefs about their successes and failures, goal orientation theory examines the reasons why students engage in their academic work.”

3. Goal Orientation: Mastery Mastery: Goal is to truly understand or master the task at hand; students who are mastery-oriented are: 1. Interested in self-improvement 2. Tend to compare their current level of achievement to their own prior achievement Approach: Interested in truly mastering an academic task Avoidance: Interested in avoiding misunderstanding the task

4. Goal Orientation: Performance Performance: Goal is to demonstrate their ability compared to others. Students who are performance-oriented: 1. Are interested in competition 2. Are interested in demonstrating their competence, and outperforming others 3. Tend to use other students as points of comparison, rather than themselves. Approach: Interested in demonstrating that they are more competent than other students (i.e., have more ability than others Avoidance: Interested in avoiding appearing incompetent or stupid

5. Goal Orientation: Mastery/Performance Can hold multiple goals simultaneously Individual differences Gender differences?

6. Goal Orientation: Mastery/Performance Model commitment to learning and understanding Example: Approach learning with a positive attitude and willingness to take risk Focus attention on effort and strategy use; NOT ability or intelligence Example: When student succeeds, praise effort and strategies; when students struggle, provide feedback on effort and strategy use Teach adaptive learning strategies Example: Model how students should self-regulate: Plan, monitor, and reflect Encourage student involvement and responsibility Example: Encourage all students to participate in various forms De-emphasize negative consequences of making mistakes Example: Emphasize that making mistakes are a part of learning process; model Decrease social comparison Example: Do not post grades in public space Foster realistic, but challenging goals

7. Goal Orientation: Mastery/Performance Think of a time when your behavior was guided by a mastery goal orientation. What do you attribute to this goal orientation? Think of a time when your behavior was guided by a performance goal orientation. What do you attribute to this goal orientation? What strategies for supporting mastery goal orientations are particularly effective for your developmental group/content area? Why? Is there such a thing as “positive” competition in the classroom? Why or why not? If so, how does a teacher create positive competition?

8. Goal Orientation: Mastery/Performance Brady’s goal in Spanish class is to become fluent in the language because he is interested in the language and wants to be able to converse with others and read Spanish literature. Mastery approach Allie’s goal in Science class is to avoid appearing incompetent Performance avoid Sam’s goal in Math class is to demonstrate to his teacher and to other students that he is the best in the class Performance approach Amanda’s goal in Language Arts class is to avoid misunderstanding the grammatical lessons presented by her teacher. Mastery avoid

9. Goal Orientation: Effect on learning (I) Performance-avoidance goals result in few benefits Performance-approach goals may have adaptive value (positively associated with task value, academic self-concept, effort, and achievement)

10. Students who adopt higher levels of performance-approach goals more likely to earn a higher grade BUT: they also have less interest by the end of the semester Students who adopt mastery goals tend to demonstrate increased interest. Results suggest that it could be that performance-approach and mastery goals serve two ends for the student—achievement and interest. Others have questioned the benefits of encouraging performance-approach goals If students are encouraged to evaluate their performance against norms, then inevitably some will be left out. For every student who achieves above the norm, one falls below it. Goal Orientation: Effect on learning (II)

11. Intrinsic, extrinsic motivation Self-Determination Theory Expectancy x Value Theory Humanistic Theory Mastery, Performance Goal Orientation Goal Orientation: Connect theory to practice (I)

12. How do you do the following? Why do you do the following? (ie connect to theory) Provide Choices Balance challenge (high, but achievable goals) Use peer models Establish a sense of belonging Use positive competition Offer rewards Harness student interests Goal Orientation: Connect theory to practice (II)