1. C HAPTER 5 The Road to Revolution

2. I. F RENCH & I NDIAN W AR C AUSES A. French and British claiming land 1. Ohio River Valley claimed by both 2. Natives less threatened by French (furs/fish) 3. French build forts to secure land in Ohio River Valley, won’t leave them 4. British pushing west into French/Indian lands a. George Washington – 21 year old surveyor in Virginia militia 5. Washington creates Fort Necessity to defend against French, but loses it to France a. This event leads to all out war

3. B. Albany Congress – meeting of colonial leaders in Albany, NY 1. Called for colonies to defend each other 2. Asked Iroquois for help – they didn’t C. Albany Plan – Benjamin Franklin 1. Plan for colonies to work together – council of 2. Rejected by individual colonies b/c they want to control their own taxes & armies

4. II. F RENCH & I NDIAN W AR B ATTLES A. Fort Duquesne – 1755 1. Gen. Braddock – British General - goes to French fort to defeat for British a. Arrogant British general 2. French and native allies ambush British army a. Braddock killed, over ½ men wounded or dead B. British defeated early, but end up winning 1. Better Leadership – William Pitt hires better trained and skilled officers 2. Victories lead Iroquois to side with British a. Help them take capital of Quebec b. French couldn’t protect territories without Quebec

5. C. War ends 1. French are defeated – sign Treaty of Paris in 1763 1. Lose all territory east of Mississippi River to British 2. Britain gets Florida 3. New Orleans and territory west of Mississippi went to Spain

6. III. C OLONISTS RESIST CONTROL A. Colonists fight with Indians over former French territory 1. Pontiac’s War – Pontiac was leader of Ottawa nation a. Formed alliances with other Indians and destroyed many British forts in 1763 b. Killed over 2,000 British settlers c. British forces eventually defeat Pontiac & forces 2. Proclamation of 1763 – settlers had to stay east of Appalachian mountains a. Passed to ease tensions with natives b. Angered colonists

7. B. Colonists have more conflict with Britain 1. Colonists identify with each other, not British, especially after winning French & Indian War 2. Wanted low taxes for their alliance against France 3. Britain – huge debt for “protecting” colonies 4. Sugar Act – placed import tax on several goods, like molasses a. First tax imposed b. Harsh punishments for smugglers 5. Quartering Act – colonists had to house, feed and supply British soldiers

8. C. Stamp Act – buy special tax stamps for goods and activities – 1765 1. Newspapers, wills, licenses, insurance policies, land titles, contracts, documents, etc. 2. Many protests a. Virginia House of Burgesses – passed resolutions against taxes from Britain b. Patrick Henry made emotional speech comparing the colonies to Rome and their King to Caesar c. New York merchants boycotted goods from Britain 3. Stamp Act Congress – 9 states met 1. Sign petition to end Stamp Act and Sugar Act 4. Britain repeals Stamp Act D. Imposes Declaratory Acts – say that Parliament has complete and total control/authority over colonies

9. E. Townshend Acts of 1767 – only taxed goods brought into colonies 1. Charles Townshend – head of British treasury a. Wanted to weaken colonies b. Tried to suspend New York assembly 2. Had to find goods being brought into colonies 3. Imposed writs of assistance – allowed officials to make searches of anything without saying what they were looking for 4. Colonists boycotted goods again 5. Parliament repeals Townshend Acts – except tea a. Wanted to show authority, but losing money in boycotts

10. 7. Boston Massacre – soldiers fire upon a group of angry colonists throwing rocks at them 1. Soldiers tried in American courts 1. John Adams defends soldiers – popular lawyer, believed everyone had right to trial 2. Two convicted – thumbs branded 8. Committees of Correspondence – set up to keep each other informed of British actions 1. Established by Samuel Adams – cousin of John Adams 2. Wrote letters to each other and published pamphlets to get information out 3. United the colonists against Britain

11. D. F ROM P ROTEST TO R EBELLION 1. Tea Act – 1773 1. Tea from East India Trading Company sold directly to colonies – but still had to pay tax 1. Price was lower, but still tax 2. Colonial tea merchants felt Britain trying to monopolize tea industry 2. Sons of Liberty threatened ship captains carrying tea and merchants who would sell it 1. No tea unloaded in major ports 2. Boston governor wanted it there 3. Tensions mounted 4. Boston Tea Party – colonists dressed as natives through 90,000 pounds of tea in harbor

12. 2. Intolerable Acts – four laws passed by Parliament in response to Boston Tea Party 1. Closed port of Boston 2. Increased powers of royal governor and abolished upper house of Mass. Legislature 3. Cut power of any colonial town meeting 4. Increased power of 1765 Quartering Act 5. People tried to help Boston – sent goods 3. Quebec Act – set up government for land gained from French 1. Took land away from colonies wanting to expand westward

13. 4. First Continental Congress 1. Meeting of Committees of Correspondences to discuss how to handle Intolerable Acts 2. 12 Delegates from each colony (except GA) 1. John and Samuel Adams, George Washington, Patrick Henry, & John Jay 3. Called for repeal of Intolerable Acts 1. Said they could govern and tax themselves 4. Called for trained militia to stand up to British 5. Called for new boycott on British goods 6. Voted to meet again in May 1775

14. 5. “Shot Heard Round the World” 1. First shot of American Revolution - Lexington 2. Happened when British went to seize weapons stored by minutemen – citizen soldiers trained to be ready in minute’s notice 1. Soldiers went to take weapons 2. Signal sent to alert minutemen 3. Minutemen waiting when British soldiers go there 4. Arguing – shot fired, 8 Americans killed 3. Concord – larger battle between colonists & British 1. 400 Minutemen killed 3 British in battle 2. British defeated, 300 more killed during retreat

15. E. W AR B EGINS 1. Second Continental Congress – meeting of delegates from colonies - Philadelphia 1. Thomas Jefferson – Virginia lawyer, John Hancock – Boston merchant, Benjamin Franklin 2. Divided about wanting independence 1. New England colonies – independence 2. Middle colonies – wanted own rules 3. Agreed to prepare for war 3. Called for army – chose George Washington to command Continental Army 4. Printed paper money to pay for war

16. 2. Patriots vs. Loyalists 1. Patriots – favored independence, majority 1. Took control of government 2. Loyalists – loyal to Britain, around 1/3 1. From all colonies, but minority 2. Leading merchants and land owners (wealthy) 3. Government officials appointed by Britain 4. Slaves and Natives 5. Thousands fought in war against Americans, 1. 100,000 left after war – many to Canada

17. 3. Petitioning the King 1. Olive Branch Petition – sent to King George 1. Stated colonists were loyal to king 2. Asked king to stop all fighting 2. Declaration of Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms 1. Stated colonists prepared to go to war for freedom 2. “rather die freemen than live as slaves…” 3. Written by Thomas Jefferson 3. King didn’t respond to Olive Branch Petition 1. Said colonists were rebelling 4. Parliament voted to send 20,000 soldiers to colonies to put down rebelltion

18. I. Early Battles of War 1. Fort Ticonderoga – fort controlling route b/w Canada & Hudson River valley 1. Held many weapons 1. Canons – America needed 2. Ethan Allen leads 83 colonists (Green Mountain Boys) to attack fort 3. Surprised 42 British soldiers guarding fort 4. Surrendered fort quickly 2. Bunker Hill – British lost first two attacks 1. British outnumbered but colonists were farmers 2. British won third attack b/c colonists out of ammo 3. Washington brings cannons from Ticonderoga and British surrender city 4. Wins important, but British still much stronger