1. Moving Towards Statehood Chapter 4 Section 3

2. Government and Trade England thought Parliament represented all citizens Colonists thought they were represented by their legislators Colonies could only trade with England Colonists still loyal English citizens Helped England defeat France in 1763

3. No Taxation Without Representation Facing war debt England taxed the colonists Colonists thought they should not be taxed without representation To make colonies pay taxes more power given to government

4. Steps Toward Independence Some colonists organized committees of correspondence Colonies realized they had to unite 1774 12 colonies met in Philadelphia  First Continental Congress Tried to get England to respect colonists rights.

5. Colonists pledge to cut off trade with England 1 year later 2 nd Continental Congress meets Massachusetts already fighting English soldiers Many colonists feared independence

6. Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense in 1776 Stated England belongs in Europe, America to itself

7. Declaration of Independence Popular support for separation from England 2nd Continental Congress called for independence Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams on committee Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence

8. Colonists belief about natural rights “We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed with certain unalienable rights, that among those are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” Unalienable rights- means that no government has the power to take them away.

9. People gave power to the government to protect their rights Jefferson said England had ignored their demands Declaration of independence signed July 4, 1776 Publicly read on July 8, 1776

10. Organizing a new Government Compact- a written agreement to make and obey laws for the welfare of the group Now that the States were free they had to organize a government People used the idea of a written plan of government.

11. State Constitutions Each state created one States clearly spelled out limits of government power Some states included citizens rights To prevent tyranny stats limited years Governor could hold office

12. Montesquieu idea of three branches  Executive, Legislative, Judicial Legislative had the most power be cause they drew their power directly from the people

13. Articles of Confederation 13 separate governments Conflicts with England made colonists fearful of giving power to central government States disagreed on number of representatives

14. Virginia a large state wanted the number of legislatures based on population Rhode Island who was small was fearful of large states New Jersey wanted equal representation

15. Drew up loose confederation of states No Executive or Judicial Branch National legislature (Congress) Gave power to  declare war  make treaties with foreign government  Make trade agreements

16. No power to tax or enforce laws that it made Power would remain with the states Needed ratification from all 13 states Took 4 years for the states to agree

17. Limping Governent After the Revolution Government had problems Congress and states borrowed a lot of money Could not pay huge debts Did not have enough silver and gold

18. Congress had no power to regulate trade with England America bought a lot from England England did not allow colonies to trade with British West indies

19. Shays Rebellion Farmers had debt Farmers in Massachusetts had to pay high taxes on land Many farmers lost their farms 1786 Hundreds of angry farmers led by Daniel Shay stoned a courthouse Massachusetts had to use militia to crush the rebellion

20. Newspapers spread the story Mad Americans want a stronger government Needed one to keep order George Washing thought Articles of Confederation were weak Congress needed to raise taxes 13 independent states learned they need a stronger government

21. Why do you think Thomas Paine called his pamphlet Common Sense? To suggest that it is obvious that the colonies should break away from England

22. Why were states reluctant to give power to central government? Each state was afraid that a central government would not represent their interests well enough. The states did not trust central government

23. How did conflict between England and the colonies develop? England decided to raise money by taxing the colonists. The colonists protested because they had not agreed to pay new taxes

24. Why did Parliament refuse to listen to the colonists protests? Parliament believed that it had absolute authority over the colonists because they were British citizens.

25. What was the purpose of the Declaration of Independence? To announce the independence of the colonies and the lists of the reasons for the move

26. What were the most important ideas? “all men are created equal” and they have “certain unalienable rights”

27. List the powers reserved for the central government in the Articles of Confederation? Declare war, make treaties, and colonists could trade with any of the 13 states

28. Why did the colonists want state governments to have more power than the central government? Colonists were loyal to their colonies then to a nation

29. What challenges did the new government face at the end of the Revolution? National debt Protests over high taxes on farmers Lack of Congress to pass laws

30. How might colonies meet the challenges? Congress would have to rewrite Articles of Confederation Give National Government more power

31. What was the importance of Shay’s Rebellion? Shay’s rebellion made it clear Congress did not have enough power to make and enforce laws It showed the need for a strong central government