1. Population APHG – Spring 2015 http://www.poodwaddle.com/clocks/worldclock

2. If we shrank the Earth's population to a village of 100 people, with all of the existing human ratios remaining the same, there would be: 57 Asians 52 females 21 Europeans 48 males 8 Africans 14 people from the Western Hemisphere (north and south) 30 Christians 6 U.S. citizens holding 70 Non-Christians 60% of the worlds wealth 70 unable to read 1 with a college education 80 living in substandard housing 1 with their own computer 70 unable to read 1 with a college education 80 living in substandard housing 1 with their own computer 50 suffering from malnutrition 1 near death 1 near birth Source: Mercy Housing Midwest, Omaha, NE.

3. Critical Issues in Population Geography More people are alive today than at any other time in human history.More people are alive today than at any other time in human history. The world’s population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the 20 th century than ever before.The world’s population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the 20 th century than ever before. Virtually all population growth today occurs in less developed countries (LDCs)Virtually all population growth today occurs in less developed countries (LDCs)

4. Key Population Issues Key Issues 1.Where is the world's population distributed? 2.Where has the world's population increased? 3.Why is population increasing at different rates in different countries? 4. Why might the world face an overpopulation problem?

5. Population Distribution Key Issue 1: Where Is the World's Population Distributed?  Population concentrations  Sparsely populated regions  Population density The scientific study of population characteristics is demography. At a global scale,... the world's so-called overpopulation problem is not simply a matter of the total number of people... but the relationship between number of people and available resources. At a local scale, geographers find that overpopulation is a threat in some regions of the world but not in others. Regions with the most people are not necessarily the same as the regions with an unfavorable balance between population and resources.

6. Distribution of World Population Population concentrations The four largest population clusters (2/3 of world’s population) 1. East Asia – China, Japan, Korean Penn. 2. South Asia – India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka 3. Southeast Asia – Indonesia, Indochina Penn. 4. Europe – Western Europe, Eastern Europe Other population clusters 1. Northeastern United States 2. Southeastern Canada 3. Western Africa – Half live in Nigeria

7. Population Distribution

8. World Population Distribution World population is very unevenly distributed across the Earth’s surface World population is very unevenly distributed across the Earth’s surface and it can be compared to climate distribution. and it can be compared to climate distribution.

9. World Population Cartogram This cartogram displays countries by the size of their population rather than their land area. rather than their land area. (Only countries with 50 million or more people are named.)

11. Population Distribution Sparsely populated regions -The ecumene -People generally avoid:  Dry lands  Cold lands  Wet lands  High lands

12. Expansion of the Ecumene 5000 B.C.–A.D. 1900 The ecumene, or the portion of the Earth with permanent human settlement, has expanded to cover most of the world’s land area. expanded to cover most of the world’s land area.

13. World Population Distribution by Region 1800–2050

14. Population Density  Arithmetic Density – the total number of people divided by the total land area ( This measure is also called population density.) Arithmetic density enables geographers to make approximate comparisons of the number of people trying to live on a given piece of land in different regions of the world.  There is no relationship between arithmetic density and standard of living.

15. Arithmetic Population Density Arithmetic population density is the number of people per total land area. The highest densities are found in parts of Asia and Europe.

16. Effect of Migration on Population Growth Q&A. How densely populated is the planet?  1 st Western Europe, 433 people per sq. mile  2 nd Caribbean, 417 people per sq. mile  Least densely settled region is Oceania: 10 people per sq. mile  United States is 78 people per sq. mile Q. Does high density in urbanized areas equal environmental degradation????

17. Population Densities, 2003 RegionPop./Sq. Mile World122Caribbean417 More Developed Countries61South America52 Less Developed Countries160Asia312 Africa74Western Asia112 Sub-Saharan Africa76South Central Asia376 Northern Africa57Southeast Asia313 Western Africa108East Asia334 Eastern Africa107Europe82 Middle Africa41Northern Europe141 Southern Africa49Western Europe433 North America42Eastern Europe41 Latin America68Southern Europe288 Central America150Oceania10 Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2003 World Population Data

18. Physiological Density  A more meaningful population measure is by looking at the number of people per area of a certain type of land in a region.  The number of people supported by a unit of arable land is called the physiological density.  Comparing physiological and arithmetic densities helps geographers to understand the capacity if the land to yield enough food for the needs of people.

19. Physiological Density Physiological density is the number of people per arable land area. This is good measure of the relation between population and agricultural resources in a society. measure of the relation between population and agricultural resources in a society.

20. Agriculture Density  Two countries can have similar physiological densities, but they may produce different amounts of food because of different economic conditions. Agriculture density is the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.  The Netherlands has a much higher physiological density than does India but a lower agriculture density.  Agriculture density is directly related to standard of living

21. Measures of Density

24. Distribution of World Population Growth Key Issue 2: Where has the World’s Population Increased?  Natural Increase – the percentage by which a population grows in a year  Crude birth rate (CBR) – the number of births per 1,000 population  Crude death rate (CDR) – the number of deaths per 1,000 population  Doubling time – the number of years needed to double a population

25. World Population Growth 1950–2010 Total world population increased from 2.5 to 6 billion in this half century. The natural increase rate peaked in the early 1960s and has declined since, but the number of increase rate peaked in the early 1960s and has declined since, but the number of people added each year did not peak until 1990. people added each year did not peak until 1990.

26. World Population Growth, 1750–2150 Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects, The 1998 Revision; and estimates by the Population Reference Bureau. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_9SutNmfFk&feature=BF&list=ULadYPZ59_AUc&index=1

27. Natural Increase Q&A: When could world population stop growing?  First one – half million years: the population growth rate was about zero  1700s modern era of population growth began  Between 1850 and 1900, the annual growth rate reached 0.5 percent  By the mid-1960’s rate surged to 2.0 percent  Dropped to 1.7 percent by the mid-1980s, and declined to about 1.4 percent by 2000.

28. Natural Increase Rates The natural increase rate (NIR) is the percentage growth or decline in the population of a country per year (not including net migration). Countries in Africa and Southwest Asia have the highest current rates, while Russia and some European countries have negative rates. The natural increase rate (NIR) is the percentage growth or decline in the population of a country per year (not including net migration). Countries in Africa and Southwest Asia have the highest current rates, while Russia and some European countries have negative rates.

29. Crude Birth Rates The crude birth rate (CBR) is the total number of births in a country per 1,000 population per year. The lowest rates are in Europe, and the highest rates are in population per year. The lowest rates are in Europe, and the highest rates are in Africa and several Asian countries. Africa and several Asian countries.

30. Crude Death Rates The crude death rate (CDR) is the total number of deaths in a country per 1,000 population per year. Because wealthy countries are in a late stage of the demographic transition, they often have a higher CDR than stage of the demographic transition, they often have a higher CDR than poorer countries. poorer countries.

31. Population Growth through Natural Increase, 1775–2000

32. Total Fertility Rates The Total fertility rate (TFR) is the number of children an average woman in a society will have through her childbearing years. The lowest rates are in a society will have through her childbearing years. The lowest rates are in Europe, and the highest are in Africa and parts of the Middle East.

33. Infant Mortality Rates The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births per year. The highest infant mortality rates are found in some of the poorest per year. The highest infant mortality rates are found in some of the poorest countries of Africa and Asia. countries of Africa and Asia.

34. World Infant Mortality Rates in Selected Countries, 2000 Source: Carl Haub and Diana Cornelius, 2000 World Population Data Sheet (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 2000).

35. Life Expectancy at birth Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. The highest life expectancies are generally in the wealthiest expect to live. The highest life expectancies are generally in the wealthiest countries, and the lowest in the poorest countries.

36. Doubling Time Doubling Time of a population (years) : –70 / Population Growth Rate (%) ( 70 / 2.0% = 35 years ) –Rule of 70 :determine how long it would take for a population to double at its present growth rate. –divide 70 by the population’s annual growth rate to determine the years needed to double the size of the population.

37. Human Population Doubling Time

38. Why has the worlds population grown at such different rates throughout history? 3 variables: births, deaths, and migration Balancing Equation: A. The difference between births and deaths in a population produces the natural increase(or decrease) of a population. B. Net migration is the difference between the number of persons entering a geographic area (immigrants) and those leaving (emigrants) C. Natural increase usually accounts for the greatest amount of growth in a population, especially within a short period of time.

39. Population increases at different rates Key Issue 3: Why is population increasing at different rates in different countries?  The demographic transition model  Population pyramids  Countries in different stages of demographic transition  Demographic transition and world population growth

40. Demographic Transition Model: Development & Population Intersect…

42. Demographic Transition Stage 1: Early Stationary Stage  Population growth: slow increase  Birth rates: high  Death rates: high Most of humanity’s several-hundred year occupancy of Earth was characterized by stage 1. Birth and death rates varied considerably from one year to the next and from one region to another, but over the long term they were roughly comparable, at very high levels. Between 8000 B.C. and A.D. 1750, Earth’s human population increased from 5 million to 800 million. The burst of population growth around 8000 B.C. was caused by the agriculture revolution. Despite the agriculture revolution, the human population remained in stage1 of the demographic transition because food supplies were unpredictable.

43. Demographic Transition Stage II: Early Expanding Stage  Birth rates: high  Death rates: decreasing  Population growth: rapid and increasing After around A.D1750 the world’s population suddenly began to grow10 times faster than in the past. In stage II, the crude death rate plummets, while the crude birth rate remains the same as in stage I. Most African countries are still in a stage II. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution and the improvements in technology, population growth rate changed. Countries in Europe and North America entered stage II of the demographic transition about 1800, but stage II did not diffuse to most countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America until the 1950’s. The late 20 th century push of countries into stage II was caused by the medical revolution.

44. Percent of Population under 15 About one-third of world population is under 15, but the percentage by About one-third of world population is under 15, but the percentage by country varies from over 40% in most of Africa and some Asian countries, to country varies from over 40% in most of Africa and some Asian countries, to under 20% in much of Europe. under 20% in much of Europe.

45. Rapid Growth in Cape Verde Cape Verde, which entered stage 2 of the demographic transition in about 1950, is experiencing rapid population growth. Its population about 1950, is experiencing rapid population growth. Its population history reflects the impacts of famines and out-migration. history reflects the impacts of famines and out-migration.

46. Demographic Transition Stage III: Late Expanding Stage  Birth rates: decreasing  Death rates: leveling off  Population growth: rapid but slowing A country moves from a stage II to a stage III when the birth rate begins to drop sharply. European and North American countries moved from stage II to a stage III during the first half of the 20 th century. Most countries in Asia and Latin America have moved to a stage III in recent years. A society enters a stage III when people decide to have fewer children. Medical practices introduced in stage II improve the probability of infant survival, but many years pass before families react by conceiving fewer babies.

47. Demographic Transition Stage III continued…… Economic changes in stage III also induce families to have fewer offspring. Farmers often consider a large family to be an asset. In contrast, children living in cities are generally not economic assets. About 75% of the world’s population is stranded in stages II and III. Q&A: What does improve technology increase? resource availability standard of living health care ??

48. Moderate Growth in Chile Chile entered stage 2 of the demographic transition in the 1930s, and it entered stage 3 in the 1960s.

49. Demographic Transition Stage IV: Late Stationary Stage  Birth rates: low  Death rates: low  Population growth: low A country reaches stage IV when the birth rate declines to the point where it equals the death rate. The condition is called ZPG. Most European countries have reached stage IV. The United States has moved slightly below ZPG since 2000. When families lived on farms, employment and child rearing were conducted at the same place, but in urban societies parents leave the home to work. Changes in lifestyles also encourage smaller families. Several Eastern European countries, most notably Russia, have negative natural increase rates, a legacy of Communist rule.

50. Low Growth in Denmark Denmark has been in stage 4 of the demographic transition since the 1970s,with little population growth since then. Its population pyramid 1970s,with little population growth since then. Its population pyramid shows increasing numbers of elderly and few children. shows increasing numbers of elderly and few children.

51. Demographic Transition in England England was one of the first countries to experience rapid population growth in the mid-eighteenth century, when it entered stage 2 of the growth in the mid-eighteenth century, when it entered stage 2 of the demographic transition demographic transition.

52. Demographic Transition  Less developed countries : mortality revolution after World War II; changes did not result from economic development within the countries, but were a result of international aid.  The impact of Western technology moves a population from a stage I into a stage II. Industrialization and economic development moves populations into a stage IV

53. The Demographic Transition The demographic transition consists of four stages, which move from high birth and death rates, to declines first in birth rates then in death high birth and death rates, to declines first in birth rates then in death rates, and finally to a stage of low birth and death rates. Population rates, and finally to a stage of low birth and death rates. Population growth is most rapid in the second stage. growth is most rapid in the second stage.

54. Population Pyramids Population pyramidsPopulation pyramids –A bar graph showing a place’s age and sex composition –Shape of the pyramid is determined mainly by the CBR –Age distribution Dependency ratioDependency ratio –Sex distribution Sex ratioSex ratio

55. Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects, The 1998 Revision Rapid Growth Slow Growth No Growth Population Age Structure Diagram

56. Ages 0-14Ages 15-44Ages 45-85+ Rapid Growth GuatemalaNigeria Saudi Arabia Slow Growth United States AustraliaCanada Zero Growth SpainAustriaGreece Negative Growth GermanyBulgariaSweden 2 3 4 5 Population Pyramids – Stages

57. Demographic Transition Model: Development & Population Intersect…

58. Population Pyramids in U.S. Cities Population pyramids can vary greatly, with different fertility rates (Laredo vs. Honolulu), or among military bases (Unalaska), college towns (Lawrence), and retirement communities (Naples). Population pyramids can vary greatly, with different fertility rates (Laredo vs. Honolulu), or among military bases (Unalaska), college towns (Lawrence), and retirement communities (Naples).

59. Future Population Trends Key Issue 4: Why Might the World Face an Overpopulation Problem?  Malthus on overpopulation  Declining birth rates  World Health Threats  Malthus argued that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies  Malthus claimed that population increased geometrically, while food supply increased arithmetically.  Malthus concluded that population would press available resources in every country, unless “moral restraint” produced lower birth rates or unless diseases, famine, war, or other disasters produced higher death rates.

60. Malthus Theory Malthus on overpopulationMalthus on overpopulation –An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798): Population grows geometrically while food supply grows arithmetically –Criticism of Malthus includes the following: Pessimistic viewpointPessimistic viewpoint Failure to consider technological innovationFailure to consider technological innovation Marxist critiqueMarxist critique

61. Neo – Malthusians: Some geographers are taking another look at Malthus’s theory, because of the unprecedented rate of natural increase in LDC’s. Neo – Malthusians paint a frightening picture of a world in which billions of people are engaged in a desperate search for food and fuel. Malthus’s Critics: Criticism has been leveled at both the population growth and resource depletion sides of Malthus’s equation. They argue that a larger population could stimulate economic growth and therefore produce more food. Some political leaders, especially in Africa, argue that more people will result in greater power. Malthus Theory

62. Food and Population, 1950–2000 Malthus vs. Actual Trends Malthus predicted population would grow faster than food production, but food production actually expanded faster than production, but food production actually expanded faster than population in the second half of the twentieth century. population in the second half of the twentieth century.

63. Malthus: Theory & Reality

64. Reasons for declining BR Declining birth ratesDeclining birth rates –Reasons for declining birth rates Reliance on economic developmentReliance on economic development Distribution of contraceptivesDistribution of contraceptives –Reducing birth rates with contraception

65. Crude Birth Rate Decline, 1981–2001 Crude birth rates declined in most countries between 1981 and 2001 (though the absolute number of births per year increased from 123 to 133 million). the absolute number of births per year increased from 123 to 133 million).

66. Use of Family Planning Both the extent of family planning use and the methods used vary widely by country and culture. country and culture.

67. Projections of World Population Future of World Population Growth: Three Scenarios, 2000 to 2100  World population is projected to increase to 7.8 billion by 2025  8.9 billion by 2050  If the growth rate does not fall and the worlds population reaches 11 billion by 2100, the population will have doubled in about 100 years

68. Components of Population Change Future of World Population Growth: Three Scenarios, 2000 to 2100

69. Patterns of Population Change Q&A: Why does it take so long to slow or stop population growth? Population Momentum:  Growth through natural increase occurs when the birth rate exceeds the death rate.  The rate of natural increases of a population depends on birth and death rates, which are strongly influenced by the population age.  The momentum of population growth in less developed countries will be slowed when the larger number of young adults resulting from previous high fertility have passed out of the childbearing years and a smaller generation reproduces at replacement level fertility.  Two strategies have been successful in reducing birth rates. Economic development and distribution of contraceptives.

70. Impacts of Rapid Population Growth Environmental Conditions: In the past, a relatively small global population with a low level of technology meant a fairly low impact on the environment. Today, however, the combination of a larger global population and high technology has led to many problems.  Pollution of air, soil, and water  Deforestation and desertification As the global population doubles sometime in the next 43 years, the pollution level will double – unless we change the way we extract resources from the environment.

71. Resource Availability  Although increasing our level of technology enables us to extract more resources from the environment, we do not know if this process is infinite: there may be a limit to the number of resources we can extract from our planet.  The availability of resources is largely determined by access to technology and resources.

73. Per Capita Annual Renewable Freshwater Availability, 1950, 1995, 2050 Source: Population Action International, Sustaining Water, Erasing Scarcity. Human Population: Fundamentals of Growth Environmental Relationships

74. Housing & Hunger  Countries below “The Line,” population is growing faster than housing is being built; these countries cannot afford to build enough housing quickly enough to keep up with the growing population.  As this cycle continues, the number of homeless people will increase.  At the present time, we can grow enough food to feed the world. However, people go hungry because we cannot distribute the food adequately. This problem has a direct effect on the mental development of children.

75. The Brandt Line is a visual depiction of the North-South divide, proposed by German Chancellor Willy Brandt in the 1980s. It approximately encircles the world at a latitude of 30° N, passing between North and Middle America, north of Africa and India, but dipping south so as to include Australia and New Zealand in the “Rich North.”

76. The map above showing the north-south divide as been updated recently to include countries like South Africa, Singapore and Taiwan. It was based upon the Brandt line and shows the more economically developed countries in blue and the less economically developed countries in red. Positives of Map: Simplifies data so that it's easy to understand. GDP is used which is an easy to access data source. Negatives of Map: Doesn't include some countries which are more economically developed. Generalized patterns with some countries above the Brandt line less developed less than some below.

77. Medical Care & Education  Providing sufficient health care is already a problem in many places; even the United States cannot provide health care to all its inhabitants. As the global population grows, this problem will, too.  Worldwide about 8 million babies die annually before their first birthday.  As countries develop economically, infant mortality usually declines.  Every year, more and more people are illiterate - and every year, more of the illiterate are women  Every year, more and more people are illiterate - and every year, more of the illiterate are women.

78. Status of Women  Although women have gained more political and economic rights in the United States, in most of the rest of the world, women have lost ground

79. Human Population: Fundamentals of Growth The Status of Women Source: Demographic and Health Surveys, 1991–1999

80. Women's Age at First Marriage (years) and Family Size (TFR) in Selected Countries, 1990s

81. Global Security & Wilderness  Remember, as population grows, the demand for resources grows. If there is a limit to the amount of resources, competition for what is available will increase, which will threaten political and economical infrastructures.  The more population grows, the more difficult it is to maintain wilderness area.  It is hard to preserve wilderness in poor areas: food and money!

82. Patterns of World Urbanization Q&A: What are the social implications of rapid population growth in less developed countries?  Rural, dependent on agriculture and hunting for survival.  In 1800, only 3% of the world’s population lived in urban areas.  1900, almost 14% were urbanites, only 12 cities had 1 million or more people.  1950’s, 30% of the world’s population resided in urban centers. 83 cities had over 1 million  2000, about 47% of the world’s population lived in urban areas(2.8 Billion)  411 cities over 1 million  Developed nations are about 76% urban  40% of residents of less developed countries live in urban areas

83. Future Urbanization Patterns  2030, 60% of the world’s population will be urban  Most urban growth will occur in less developed countries. Q&A: What is an urban area? Any place with a population of 2500 + urban; some set a minimum of 20,000.  2000, 39% of the world’s urbanites lived in agglomerations of 1 million  15% resided in agglomerations of 5 million or more.  8% of Americans live in cities of 1 million or more.

84. Megacities  10 Million habitants = megacities  1950: 8cities had populations of 5 million or more 2 of them in less developed countries  2000: 41  2015, 59 megacities will exist, 48 in less developed countries  1950, only one city had more than 10 million people  2015, 23 cities are projected to hold over 10 million people; all but four will be in less developed countries.

85. Largest Urban Agglomerations, 1950, 2000, 2015 Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, The 1999 Revision

86. Top 10 Largest Urban Agglomerations in 1950, 2000, 2015 195020002015 1. New York, USA 12.3 1. Tokyo, Japan 26.4 1. Tokyo, Japan 26.4 2. London, England 8.72. Mexico City, Mex. 18.4 2. Bombay, India 26.1 3. Tokyo, Japan 6.93. Bombay, India 18.0 3. Lagos, Nigeria 23.2 4. Paris, France 5.44. Sao Paulo, Brazil 17.8 4. Dhaka, Bang. 21.1 5. Moscow, Russia 5.45. New York, USA 16.6 5. Sao Paulo, Bra 20.4 6. Shanghai, China 5.36. Lagos, Nigeria 13.4 6. Karachi, Pakistan 19.2 7. Essen, Germany 5.37. Los Angeles 13.1 7. Mex. City, Mex. 19.2 8. Buenos Aires, Arg 5.08. Calcutta, India 12.9 8. New York, USA 17.4 9. Chicago, USA 4.99. Shanghai, China 12.9 9. Jakarta,Indonesia17.3 10. Calcutta, India 4.4 10.Buenos Aires, Arg 12.6 10. Calcutta, India 17.3 Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, The 2005 Revision http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sc4HxPxNrZ0

87. Growth of Urban Agglomerations, 1950–2015

88. Epidemiologic Transition: World Health Threats  Stage 1:  Stage 1: Pestilence and famine  Stage of pestilence and famine  Infectious and parasitic diseases were principal causes of death  Black Plague  Pandemics  Stage 2:  Stage 2: Receding pandemics  Stage of receding pandemics  Occurs over a wide geographic area  Effects a high proportion of the population  Cholera Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern?

89. Cholera in London, 1854 Stage 2: Receding pandemics Cholera and Dr. John Snow By mapping the distribution of cholera cases and water pumps in Soho, London, Dr. John Snow identified the source of the waterborne epidemic.

90. Epidemiologic Transition  Stage 3: Degenerative diseases  Degenerative and human created diseases  Decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in disorders associated with aging  Cardiovascular disease and cancer  Stage 4: Delayed degenerative diseases  Delayed degenerative diseases  Heart diseases and cancer  Life is extended through medical advances

91. Epidemiologic Transition  Stage 5: Reemergence of infectious diseases?  Stage of reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases  Evolution of diseases  Poverty  Travel  Malaria  Tuberculosis  SARS  AIDS –Three reasons why it might be happening: »Evolution »Poverty »Improved travel

92. HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates, 2011 The highest HIV infection rates are in sub-Saharan Africa. India and China have large numbers of cases, but lower infection rates at present. have large numbers of cases, but lower infection rates at present.

94. SARS Infections in China, 2003 China had 85 percent of the world's SARS cases in 2003. Within China, the infection was highly clustered in Guangdong Province, Hong Kong, and Beijing.

95. Tuberculosis Death Rates, 2000 The tuberculosis death rate is a good indicator of a country’s ability to invest in The tuberculosis death rate is a good indicator of a country’s ability to invest in health care. TB is still one of the world’s largest infectious-disease killers. health care. TB is still one of the world’s largest infectious-disease killers.

96. Up Next: Migration Read Chapter 3