2.  All of these photos are a form of expansion.  Throughout history expansion has always been characterized by the planting of one’s flag or crest.  The planting of a flag is a symbol of a city/country’s claim to a specific area.  It also forces those living on this land to obey to follow the monarch’s rules.

3.  During the Middle Ages and Renaissance modern nation states formed.  A nation state is an area with set borders and one ruler/ruling party.  In short a nation state is a country.  During the period of expansion four major states emerged: England, France, Spain, and Portugal.

4.  With the scientific and technological advancements of the Renaissance people were able to travel father and calculate voyages.  A simple way to remember the reasons for explorations are “ THE 3 G’s ”  GOLD, GOD, GLORY

5.  The economy in Europe was doing well.  But it was mostly based on farming.  Any shortage of food, famine, crop failure could ruin the economy.  Europe also produced clothing, mined precious metals and harvested timber (wood)  Over time the amount of wood and metals began to deplete (run out).

6.  Since these materials were running out states needed to get them.  Monarchs also wanted new sources of wealth.

7.  The Protestant religion continued to grow during the Renaissance.  The Catholic church needed to expand into other parts of the world to stop the spread of the Protestants.

9.  Explorers and Monarchs explored the “new world” for personal recognition (become famous).  Wanted new lands to take on their names.  Ex: America=Amerigo Vespucci

10.  A new route to China and India.  During the Renaissance Europeans grew accustomed to the exotic goods from the east (China & India).  Many explorers believed that the China and India had large supplies of gold and other precious materials.

11.  During the Renaissance most of these products came to Europe through trade with the Middle Eastern merchants.  Merchants would use the pass at Constantinople to enter into Europe.

12.  In 1453 Constantinople falls to the Turks.  They rename it Istanbul.  The Turks put major tariffs (taxes) on products passing through Istanbul.  This made products very expensive.  Europeans decided to find a new route to China and India.

13.  1453 Constantinople falls to the Turks  1492 Columbus arrives in America  1498 Vasco da Gama arrives in India  1519-1522 Magellan sails around the world  1521Aztec empire conquered by Spain  1534 Cartier sails up the St.Lawrence  1607 Jamestown founded,British colony  1608 Quebec founded,French Colony

14.  During the Renaissance there were many advances in science and technology.  It was these advances that made exploration possible.  During the Middle ages people believed that the earth was flat. This is what the church taught.

15.  This idea of a flat Earth, stopped many from exploring, due to the fear of falling off the edge of the world.  With the new ideas of the Renaissance, people started to believe in earth as a sphere.

16. Advances in Astronomy  The greatest achievement in this area was the idea of a spherical (round) earth.  Copernicus created the theory that the everything revolved around the sun.  This was confirmed by Galileo and his invention of the telescope.  Newton created the theory of gravity.

17. Advances in Navigation  Many advances were made in the area of navigation. The Caravel  A ship developed by the Portuguese  It had high sides and a flat bottom which made it very sturdy on the ocean.  It had new types of sails and rudder which made these ships faster and easier to steer.

18. The Astrolabe  An instrument used to calculate a ship’s latitude.  Sailors would aim the pointer at the sun or North Star. They would then read the height from the horizon.  From this they could calculate their latitude.

19. The Compass  Is an instrument that points to the magnetic north.  The first compasses were wooden boxes filled with oil or water and a floating magnetic needle.  This instrument can be used in any weather condition, during the day or at night

20. The Portolan  Were charts very similar to maps, which showed the location of landmarks and shorelines.  Used alongside the astrolabe.

21.  In their search for a new route to the East (China and India) and the 3G’S. Explorers discovered lands they did not know existed.  It is important to remember that before exploration, the world known to the Europeans was restricted to Europe.

22.  When North and South America were created European kingdoms began looking for riches on these new lands.  Christopher Columbus discovered the Caribbean islands for Spain.  John Cabot is credited with the discovery of Canada.  When Europeans landed in the new world, they immediately claimed this land in the name of the monarch that paid for their journey.

23.  The Renaissance created many technological and scientific advancements.  The fall of Constantinople in 1453, Turks implementing high tariffs on trade goods.  The four reasons why Europeans set out explore the world were: GOLD, GOD, GLORY (3G’s), and find a new route to China and India.

24.  Many advancements in astronomy: world is round not flat, sun is the center of the universe.  Many advancements in technology: caravel, astrolabe, portolan, compass.  Europeans discovered and claimed land for their monarchs.

25.  Indigenous refers to native peoples of a particular area. People that were in an area before the Europeans arrived.  There was a mutual misunderstanding between Europeans and Native from the first contact.  It is from these misunderstandings that historical stereotypes were developed.  Ex: Savages, “Indians”, Uncivilized

26.  The Europeans immediately thought the natives were uneducated and uncivilized.  In reality many native groups had very complex social structures and understanding of their environments.  From the beginning the Europeans started to trade with the natives of the areas they landed in.

27.  The Europeans introduced the natives to many new products.  The natives taught the Europeans about new plants and natural medicines.  Despite, learning about these new plant species, the Europeans still saw the Natives as inferior (weaker).

28.  Barley, rye wheat  Vines  Sheep, cows, horses  Metal objects (knives, hooks)  Firearms  Alcohol  Pineapple  Chocolate  Tomatoes  Beans and corn  Potatoes  Tobacco  Furs

29.  The Europeans were convinced that they were superior to the natives in every way.  They began taking land from the natives by force (fight/war).  The Europeans began to exploit the resources of their new land.  The natives were also forced to obey the Europeans.

30.  The Europeans turned their newly acquired lands into colonies.  A colony is an area and population that now has to obey a new ruler.  Europeans began to colonize the new world.  New World = newly discovered land, ex: North and South America.

31.  After taking away native land without much of a fight, it proved to the Europeans that they were truly superior.  The Europeans also felt that because the natives had an uneducated view of the world.  The Europeans also believed that native religion was “backwards”  These views reinforced the superior attitude of the Europeans.

32. EuropeansNatives Human’s place in nature Humans must dominate nature Live in harmony with nature Trading of goods For profit. Money is usually exchanged Religious, social importance. Used barter

33. LawsLaws are written down Laws are orally transmitted Political power Countries run by monarchs Tribes run by chiefs ProductionSurplus sold for profit Produce only what they need LandLand belongs to whoever finds it Land belongs to no one.

34.  Europeans would exploit the natural resources of their new lands.  These resources would then be shipped back to the Mother Country.  With these new colonies, European countries began creating their empires.  Empires would grow due to new sources of wealth.  The main purpose of the colonies was to supply the Mother country, with products

35.  Much of the native land was taken away by force.  These “wars” with the Europeans and the outbreak of diseases like; smallpox, measles, flu, and the plague greatly reduced native populations.  There were many massacres committed by the Europeans. The most notable was the Spanish on the Aztec and Inca empires.

36.  With native populations severely decreased, Europeans began forcing them to work in the mines, fields, and forests.  Many of these natives were taken back to Europe or brought to other colonies to work. This began the slave trade.

37.  With the start of the slave trade, European countries created the triangular trade.  Triangular trade consisted of three parts. 1. Processed goods are sold to the colonies 2. Slaves are traded to other colonies. 3. Resources are shipped to the mother country for processing.  This type of trade made the colonies dependent on the Mother country and unable to develop for themselves