1. Syntax Notes!! Syntax= Sentence structure (for paragraphs too) Another “tool” to use in AP Writes. May appear on AP multiple choice. Will appear on your final exam.

2. Types of sentences (5) 1)Declarative- makes statements 2)Imperative- makes commands. Sometimes contains the understood (you). Ex. Make the bed. 3)Exclamatory- communicates strong emotion or surprise 4)Interrogative- Asks questions 5)Conditional- Expresses wishes (if… then) Ex.- If we legalize drugs, there will be more crime, child abuse, etc.

3. Types of sentences grammatically 1. Simple-- one independent clause The cat sat on the windowsill. 1.Compound-- two independent clauses put together The cat sat on the windowsill; he loved basking in the sunlight. The cat sat on the windowsill, for he loved basking in the sunlight 1.Complex-- a dependent clause + an independent clause together Because the cat loved basking in the sunlight, he sat on the windowsill. The cat sat on the windowsill because he loved basking in the sunlight. 1.Compound-complex-- combines two independent clauses (compound) + one dependent clause (complex) Because the cat loved basking in the sunlight, he sat on the windowsill; this image is forever etched in my memory.

4. Loose Expresses the main thought near the beginning and is followed by explanatory material Examples in packet.

5. Periodic Postpones the most crucial point until the end (often build suspense or adds surprise) Examples in packet.

6. Interrupted Structure in which subordinate elements come in the middle and are often set off by dashes Ex: The teacher-- what could she have been thinking-- gave all the students A’s on the exam.

7. Parallel (noun- parallelism) When there is a series of coordinated elements, all which have the same form and grammatical function (Isocolon- when parallel elements are similar not only in structure but also in length-- sometimes even to the same # of words or even syllables) Examples in packet

8. Balanced One in which two parallel elements are set off against each other like equal weights on a scale. Examples in packet.

9. Antithesis Balanced parallelism that sets up an opposition of ideas. Example: It was the best of times; it was the worst of times.

10. Anaphora A type of parallelism that uses the same word or phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses Example: “Let us march to the realization of the American dream. Let us march on segregated housing. Let us march on segregated schools.” -MLK

11. Other types of parallelism □Epistrophe □Anadiplosis □Epanalepsis □Antimetabole □Chiasmus □Polypton (Be grateful you do not have to memorize these for 90/90s!!)

12. Asyndeton- deliberate omission of conjunctions Example: I came, I saw, I conquered. Polysyndeton- deliberate insertion of extra conjunctions Example: He drove, and drove, and drove, and ate, and drove some more.