1. Unit IV: Political Organization of Space AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY COPELAND

2. I. Political Geography The study of the organization and distribution of political phenomena

3. Territory The effort to control territory is a central motivate of humans The territory of the world is almost completely divided into national units ◦Antarctica debated (1959 Treaty of Antarctica)

4. Territoriality Territoriality is a key component of modern political culture. As defined by geographer, Robert Sack, territoriality is “the attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena or relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area.” Territorial Integrity – a government has the right to keep the borders and territory of a state in tact and free from attack.

5. State 1.an independent political unit occupying a defined territory 2. permanently populated territory 3. full sovereignty (independence to control internal affairs) 4. must be recognized by other states

6. World States 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195 or 196 states in the world today (only 50 in the 1940s) 193 recognized by the United Nations as of 2011. United States recognizes 194 (Kosovo) Number depends on who you ask… ◦Newest state-South Sudan

7. Issues defining states Political differences can cause some territories to not be recognized as independent. Examples: ◦Korea (2 states, one nationality) ◦China and Taiwan-2 states? ◦China claims Taiwan and the U.S. agrees, even though Taiwan has its own gov’t and its own currency ◦Western Sahara (currently part of Morocco) ◦Greenland (Denmark) ◦Greenland controls internal affairs, Denmark controls foreign affairs ◦Greenland is referred to as a “constituent state”

8. Nation A group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory, bound together by a strong sense of unity arising from shared beliefs and customs Nations are “imagined communities” -Benedict Anderson -imagined = you will never meet all the people in your nation -community = you see yourself as part of it

9. The nations we perceive as “natural” and “always existing” are relatively recent phenomena. In 1648, Europe was divided into dozens of small territories.

10. The Nation-State A state whose territorial extent coincides with that occupied by a distinct nation or people An entity whose members feel a natural connection by sharing language, religion, or some other cultural trait Examples of possible Nation-States: Iceland, Portugal, Poland, Japan *There are no true, pure nation-states in the world today

11. Stateless Nation Nations that do not possess a national territory even with a larger multinational state ◦Palestine, Kurds

12. Multinational State The Former Yugoslavia A state with more than one nation.

13. Multistate Nation Transylvania – homeland for both Romanians and Hungarians. A nation with more than one state

14. Vlad the Impaler, leader of Wallachia/Transylvania

15. II. Spatial Characteristics of States Largest Size ◦Russia 17.1 million square kilometers ◦Others: China, Canada, United States, and Australia

16. Spatial Characteristics of States Smallest Size ◦City-state: sovereign state compromised entirely of a city and it’s countryside ◦Singapore, Monaco, San Marino ◦Microstates: very small land areas ◦Smallest: Monaco -1.5 square kilometers ◦Singapore, Andorra, and Bahrain

17. Spatial Characteristics of States 5 basic shapes ◦Compact ◦Prorupt ◦Elongated ◦Fragmented ◦Perforated

18. Shape – Compact Compact Most efficient form is a circle with a capital in the center Compact size Uruguay, Zimbabwe, Poland Advantages?

19. Examples of Compact States Poland Zimbabwe

20. Shape - Prorupt Nearly compact but posses one or more narrow extensions of territory Proruptions can be natural or artificial isolate a portion of a state-Ex. Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia

21. Examples of Prorupted States Democratic Rep.Namibia of the Congo

22. Shape - Elongated Long and Narrow Distance from the capital is greater A large amount of diversity of climate, resources, and people National cohesion difficult Norway, Vietnam, Chile, Italy, Malawi

23. Examples of Elongated States Vietnam Chile Norway

24. Shape - Fragmented Countries composed entirely of islands (Philippines, Indonesia) Two Types: ◦Separated by water (Indonesia) ◦Separated by an intervening state (India, Russia) Weakness centralized control

25. Examples of Fragmented States Philippines Indonesia

26. Shape - Perforated State that completely surrounds another one Example: South Africa ◦Surrounds Lesotho ◦Completely dependent on South Africa for imports and exports

27. Examples of Perforated States South Africa Italy

29. Relative Location Size and shape are affected by a state’s absolute and relative location Canada & Russia are large, yet their absolute northern location reduces the agricultural productivity of the land Iceland has a compact shape but its location near the arctic makes much of its land barren

30. Relative Location Landlocked countries are at a major developmental disadvantage ◦Many in Africa due to remnants of colonialism ◦Must arrange to use another country’s sea port (Lesotho-encapsulated state) Coast lines can be a major advantage -Singapore (224 sq miles) is located at a crossroads of shipping and trade

32. III. The Modern State Idea The idea of a state that is tied to a particular territory with defined boundaries came out of Europe and diffused outward from there. ◦A change from society defining territory to territory defining society. ◦Modern States evolved in the late 1600s.

33. Rise of the Modern State 1.The European model a)The Norman invasion of 1066 produced a whole new political order b)On the European continent, the strength of some rulers produced national cohesiveness in more stable domains c)Economic revival and so called Dark Ages were over d)Treaties signed at the end of the Thirty Years' War contained fundamentals of statehood and nationhood - Peace at Westphalia e)Western Europe’s strong monarchies began to represent something more than authority

34. Rise of the Modern State Mercantilism a) promotion of commercialism and trade with other states b)City-based merchants, not the nobility, gained wealth c)As money and influence were concentrated in the cities, land as a measure of affluence began to lose its relevance

35. European Colonialism and the Modern State Colonialism ◦a physical action in which one state takes over control of another, taking over the government and ruling the territory as its own. Why? ◦Organized political states forming ◦Wealth from mercantilism to expand ◦Gained more wealth, territory, and power through colonialism

36. Diffusion of the Nation-State Model European Colonization influenced ◦State model ◦the European model became the international model ◦Economic structure ◦colonies and colonizers became interdependent in a capitalist world economy

37. Two Waves of European Colonialism: 1500 - 1825 1825 - 1975

38. Dominant Colonial Influences, 1550-1950 This map shows the dominant influence, as some places were colonized by more than one power in this time period.

39. What happened to state size?

40. Two Waves of Decolonization First wave – focused on decolonization of the Americas Second wave – focused on decolonization of Africa and Asia

42. Construction of the World Economy Capitalism – people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and exchange them in the world market, with the goal of achieving profit. Commodification – the process of placing a price on a good and then buying, selling, and trading the good. Colonialism – brought the world into the world economy, setting up an interdependent global economy.

43. The Capitalist World-Economy The World-Economy is more than the sum of its parts. It is composed of “dots” but we must also understand the “whole.” Sunday on La Grande Jatte by Georges Pierre Seurat

44. Immanuel Wallerstein’s World-Systems Theory: 1.The world economy has one market and a global division of labor. 2.Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy. 3.The world economy has a three-tier structure.

45. Three Tier Structure Core Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology * Generate more wealth in the world economy Semi-periphery Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery. * Serves as a buffer between core and periphery Periphery Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology * Generate less wealth in the world economy

46. Core Most states have assumed their current shape following centuries of growth Examples: North America, Western Europe, Japan, Australia

47. Periphery The benefits of the core area thin the farther you move outward Any resource benefits of the periphery are typically shipped backed to the core Examples: Africa (except South Africa), SE Asia, Western South America

48. Semi-Periphery Exploited by the core, and exploit the periphery Examples: Mexico, Brazil, Russia, Eastern Europe, China, India

50. IV. Boundaries Vertical lines that establish the limit of each state’s jurisdiction and authority Claims and boundaries are 3 dimensional ◦Subsoil Resource disputes ◦Airspace extends into airline traffic (satellites next?)

53. The Evolution of Boundaries Definition: the official establishment or documentation of a boundary ◦Treaty ◦Legal document ◦Example: 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation agreement

54. The Evolution of Boundaries Delimitation: placing of the boundary on a map

55. The Evolution of Boundaries Demarcation: marking of the boundary by some method on the ground

56. Boundary Types Natural (physical): based on recognizable physiographic features ◦Mountains, rivers, and lakes ◦Can cause disputes

57. Boundary Types Law of the Sea-158 countries A. Territory ◦12 Nautical miles (14 land mi) B. Contiguous Zone ◦12 Nautical miles C. Exclusive Economic Zone ◦200 Nautical Miles

58. Boundary Types Geometric (Artificial): follows parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude ◦49 th parallel United States & Canada ◦Africa, Asia, Americas

60. Boundary Types Cultural/Religious: separate groups by a common cultural trait ◦India and Pakistan

61. Boundary Origins Antecedent: border drawn before it was well populated ◦United States & Canada

62. Boundary Origins Subsequent: border drawn after the development of the cultural landscape ◦2 types: ◦Consequent ◦Superimposed

63. Boundary Origins Consequent (ethnographic): border drawn to accommodate existing religious, linguistic, or ethnic differences ◦N. Ireland and Ireland

64. Boundary Origins Subsequent Superimposed Boundaries: forced on an existing cultural landscape, country, or people by a conquering colonial power ◦Unconcerned about preexisting cultural patterns ◦Great Britain = India/Pakistan

65. Boundary Origins Relict/relic Boundary: former boundary that no longer functions ◦Differences on each side of the border are still evident Ex. Berlin Wall

67. Boundary Disputes

68. Definitional/Positional Boundary Disputes Focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement A boundary agreement may base a boundary on a landmark that has moved or no longer visible Ex. Argentina and Chile

69. Locational Boundary Disputes The delimitation and possible demarcation of the border is in dispute. How should the border be interpreted?

70. Operational/Functional Disputes Neighboring states disagree over policies to be applied along a boundary Ex. Immigration into the U.S. from Mexico

71. Allocation/Resource Disputes Neighboring states can argue about the distribution of resources Ex. Iraq v. Kuwait (oil) Georgia vs. AL & FL (Chattahoochee River) Georgia vs. Tennessee

72. Territorial Disputes A subsequent boundary divides an ethnically homogenous group Irredentism- irredentism tries to justify its territorial claims on the basis of (real or imagined) historic or ethnic affiliations. It is often advocated by nationalist movements and has been a feature of political geography.vocating annexation of territories administered by another state on the grounds of common ethnicity or prior historical possession Ex. Kashmir (India vs. Pakistan and China)

74. Capitals Typically are centrally located to allow for equal access Many capitals have become distant to many areas due to growth: Washington D.C. Some capitals have been relocated to make them more accessible

75. Capitals Usually located in the core area and frequently the focus of it Capital cities are also frequently the largest or the Primate City (usually associated with lesser-developed countries) Primate City: dominates the economic structure of the entire country

76. Forward-Thrust Capital City Deliberately sited in a state’s interior Brazil relocated its capital from Rio de Janeiro to a new city called Brasilia Nigeria – Abuja Kazakhstan – Astana

77. Brasilia

80. Nigeria - Abuja

82. Kazakhstan – Astana

83. Kazakhstan – Astana (new) Almaty (old)

84. V. Geopolitics Considers the strategic value of land and sea area in the context of national economic and military power and ambitions ◦power relationships: past, present, and future Ambitious Historical Movements in Geopolitics Manifest Destiny-1840’s-U.S. wanted to control entire Western Hemisphere, make countries democratic Monroe Doctrine-1820’s-no more colonies for European states in the Western Hemisphere “Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”-cultural and economic unity of Asians and Oceanians (Free of Western Powers and Influence)

85. Geopolitics – German School Ratzel’s Organic Theory a)Held that a state which is an aggregate of organisms would itself function and behave as an organism b)Nourishment of organism provided by acquisition of territories and people c)Territory is essential to life. d)Nazi expansion policies based on some of Ratzel’s ideas.

86. Geopolitics – British/American School Sir Halford Mackinder Heartland Theory a) Believed a land-based power, not a sea power, would ultimately rule the world b) Pivot area extended from Eastern Europe to eastern Siberia

88. Mackinder – Heartland Theory The Heartland is impenetrable Resource rich Provided a base for world conquest

89. Mackinder – Heartland Theory ◦“Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland” ◦“Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island” ◦“Who rules the World Island commands the World”

90. Geopolitics Nicholas Spykman - Rimland Theory Critic of Mackinder Argued that the Eurasian rim, not its heart, held the key to global power

92. Spykman-Rimland Fragmented zone Divided rimland key to balance of world power Dense population, abundant resources, controlling access to both the sea and the interior

93. Spykman-Rimland “Who controls the Rimland controls Eurasia” “Who rules Eurasia controls the destiny of the world”

94. Geopolitical Developments in a Bipolar World Post WWII – Heartland = U.S.S.R NATO CENTO SEATO U.S. practiced Containment Confining the U.S.S.R by means of alliances with Rimland Military intervention Domino Theory

95. Geopolitics Today Current world events have rendered older geopolitical ideas obsolete o End of the Cold War, Nuclear Technology o Japan, China, Western Europe becoming world powers Unilateralism – Is United States dominance over? “Have we gone soft?”

96. U.S. Foreign Policy Strategies/Principles 1.Isolationism-state tends to domestic affairs only 2.Realism-take active role in international affairs; high profile procurement/proliferation 3.Neo-isolationism-keep foreign involvement to a minimum (only when necessary) 4.Idealism-foreign involvement for good of all countries ***What is your current foreign policy for STATE?

97. VI. How do States Spatially Organize their Governments?

98. Internal Structure 1.The needs of a well-functioning state a)Clearly bounded territory served by an adequate infrastructure b)Effective administrative framework, a productive core area, and a prominent capital 2.All states confront divisive forces

99. Forms of Government These two forms promote nation-building and attempt to quell division within… Unitary – highly centralized government where the capital city serves as a focus of power. ◦Examples-monarchies, autocracies, theocracies, parliamentary, communist, dictatorships ◦Unitary governments can still be democratic as well. Federal – a government where the state is organized into territories (sub-states), which have control over some government policies and funds. ◦Examples-democracies or any country with sub-states (ie. U.S., Canada, Mexico and Germany)

100. Unitary and Federal Systems 1.Early European nation-states were unitary states: a)Governments were highly centralized and powerful b)Capital cities represented authority that stretched to the limits of the state

101. Unitary and Federal Systems 2.The federal state arose in the New World a)Newness of the culture, and emergence of regionalism due to the vast size of territories b)Conditions did not lend themselves to unitary systems of government c)Absence of an old primate city d)Lack of a clear core area and the vastness of national territory

102. Nigeria’s Federal Government – Allows states within the state to determine whether to have Shari’a Laws Shari’a Law- Legal systems based on traditional Islamic laws

103. Minnesota’s concealed weapons law requires the posting of signs such as this buildings that do not allow concealed weapons. The U.S. Federal Government – Allows states (sub-states) within the state to determine “moral” laws such as death penalty, access to alcohol, concealed weapons and now drug use? Legalization of Marijuana in Colorado in 2012, despite marijuana use and distribution being a Schedule 1 drug under CSA.

104. Big vs. Small and Government Systems Usually bigger states (ie. U.S., Canada, Mexico, Germany) have federal systems Usually smaller states (ie. Cuba, Djibouti, Israel, Peru) have unitary systems

105. Forces of Fragmentation and Cohesion: Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces

106. Centripetal Forces  Promoting State Cohesion  Nationalism  Unifying Institutions  Organization and Administration  Transportation and Communication  Supranationalism

107. Centrifugal Forces  Challenges to State Authority  Less Nationalism  Devolution, Regionalism  Peripheral Location  Social and Economic Inequality

108. Devolution – Movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state. What causes devolutionary movements? Ex. Ethnocultural forces Economic forces Spatial forces

110. Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements Eastern Europe devolutionary forces since the fall of communism Ex. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia

111. Economic Devolutionary Movements Catalonia, Spain Barcelona, located in Catalonia, is the center of banking and commerce in Spain and the region is much wealthier than the rest of Spain. It produces 25% of Spanish exports and 40% of its industrial exports.

112. Spatial Devolutionary Movements Honolulu, Hawai’i A history apart from the United States, and a desire to live apart in order to keep traditions alive.

113. Supranational Organizations A separate entity composed of three or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit in pursuit of shared goals. * How many supranational organizations exist in the world today? At least 60

114. United Nations Background: League of Nations – 1919, idea of Woodrow Wilson but, due to isolationist Americans, U.S. never joined. League collapsed prior to WWII (Italian invasion of Ethiopia). Prior to WWII, states created the Permanent Court of International Justice. After WWII, states formed the United Nations… Basics of the UN: ◦Cooperate with internationally approved standards ◦192 members ◦Aid: refugees, poverty, troops in peacekeeping operations, human rights

115. Global Scale – The United Nations

116. Regional Scale - Europe Benelux, 1944: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Marshall Plan, 1948-’52: US aid to Western European Countries Organization of European Economic Cooperation, 1952 (OEEC) to European Economic Community (EEC) to European Community (EC) to European Union, 1992 (EU)

117. Regional Scale - Europe European Union: domestic, military, and certain sovereign policies that govern all members ◦12 European Community (EC) members established the EU – 1992 ◦Euro introduced in 2002 ◦Problems facing the EU? ◦Bailouts to member countries ◦Subsidies ◦Germany bailouts ◦What to do with Turkey? Russia? Original Members: Germany, France, UK, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg, Denmark and Ireland

118. Regional Scale – The European Union (28 Current Members, Newest-Croatia)

119. Supranationalism Elsewhere… NAFTA, LELA… - Treaties to reduce tariffs and facilitate trade ***None like the European Union