2. ENERGY ATP Adenosine triphosphate

3. Energy is the ability to ____________or__________. Nearly every activity in modern society depends upon energy. cause changedo work

4. Why do you need energy? growth Active transport Temperature control movement

5. The sun is the ultimate source of energy. sun. Living things obtain this energy directly or indirectly from the ______

6. Energy from the sun enters living systems when _________________absorb sunlight. plants and algae

7. foodcarbohydrates The energy in sunlight is captured and used to make ______... _________________.

8. These carbohydrates store chemical energy... energy stored in chemical bonds.

9. sun CO 2 H2OH2O Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 O2O2 Photosynthesis is the process that converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in the chemical bonds of sugars... carbohydrates... food.

10. Photosynthesis takes place in the____________chloroplast In which organelle does photosynthesis take place?

11. Photosynthesis sunlight glucose Photosynthesis also produces oxygen. oxygen Carbon dioxide water 6CO 2 + ++6H 2 Olight energyC 6 H 12 O 6 6 O 2

12. oxygen The oxygen in our lovely atmosphere photosynthesis. is the result of photosynthesis.

13. Sunlight Energy source Absorbs sunlight Makes food Stored chemical energy Consumes food Stored energy Consumes food Stored energy The flow of energy in living systems: sunleaf caterpillar bird

14. Autotrophs are organisms that use energy from sunlight to make carbohydrates... food. Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food. Autotrophs are producers. carbohydrates

15. Examples of autotrophs : algae plants Some protists Some bacteria

16. Ultimately, nearly all life on Earth depends on the ability of autotrophs to capture the energy of sunlight and store it in molecules of carbohydrates.

17. Some organisms eat plants, obtaining energy from the stored glucose in the plant. Some animals eat other animals.

18. Heterotrophs are organisms that must get energy from food instead of directly from the sun. Heterotrophs cannot make their own food, they must consume food. F U N G I Animals Examples? Heterotrophs are consumers.

19. Animal-like protists Bacteria

20. Heterotrophs obtain energy from the food they eat. But how?

21. How does a car move? Gasoline is the fuel that powers the car.

22. Food is the fuel that powers our bodies.

23. All these macromolecules contain ______________. stored chemical energy lipids proteins. What are the foods you eat composed of? The foods you eat are composed of _______________ : carbohydrates macromolecules

24. Gasoline is the fuel that powers the car. Gasoline must be burned in order to release the energy to move the pistons.

25. The foods we eat must also be “burned” to produce energy to power our bodies.

26. The macromolecules in food must be broken down - - - digestion and “burned” - - - cellular respiration to release the stored chemical energy.

27. Cells obtain energy from food through the process of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a process by which food (glucose) is broken down to produce energy - - - ATP. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP (glucose) (oxygen) carbon (water) (energy ) dioxide 6 Carbon 1 Carbon ATP

28. Cellular respiration consists of a series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions that gradually release the chemical energy stored in food molecules. The energy released is stored in ATP.

29. ATP is the energy molecule. ATP powers the cell. ATP

30. ATP is made in the mitochondria during the process of cellular respiration.

31. ATP --- adenosine triphosphate.

32. ATP – immediate energy Glucose - short term energy storage Carbohydrates & Fats - long term energy storage A working muscle uses over 10 million ATPs per second ATP - - - Immediate Source of Energy

33. The cell prefers carbohydrates over lipids, and lipids over proteins. Carbohydrates My favorite!!! Here’s something interesting… Which is the cell’s favorite energy source?

34. The cell harnesses the energy in macromolecules in the following order: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins

35. glycogen --- glucose stored in liver --- the liver secretes glucose when blood sugar is low. Carbohydrates Source of stored energy for cells. glucose (in blood) --- quick energy --- make ATP Sugars

36. BODYFAT Long term energy storage Insulation and Protection

37. Lipids When an organism is not consuming enough food, the cell breaks down lipids for energy. --- stored energy --- lipids contain more energy than carbohydrates (2X) --- lipids store most of the energy in organisms (80% of energy is stored as fat)

38. so only in extreme circumstances, such as starvation, does your body break down proteins for energy. Proteins Important? Yeah! Enzymes Just about everything is protein They do all the work!