1. January 30, 2012 BellRinger: Objective: Homework:
Complete the logical and spatial puzzles on the handout from Thursday
Objective:
Determine functions and activities to stimulate various parts of the brain
Differentiate between the various stages in cell communication
Homework:
Complete chp 48 notes

2. Evolution of vertebrate brain
Shark
Frog
Cat
Bird
Human
Spinal cord
Hind: Medulla oblongata
Optic tectum
Hind: Cerebellum
Midbrain
Fore: Cerebrum
Olfactory tract
Crocodile
forebrain
forebrain dominant cerebrum
hindbrain
forebrain

3. Human brain

4. Each side of the cerebral cortex has four lobes
The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions
Each side of the cerebral cortex has four lobes
Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Frontal
association
area
Speech
Smell
Hearing
Auditory
Vision
Visual
Somatosensory
Reading
Taste
Somatosensory cortex
Motor cortex
Figure 48.27

5. Palm Press Activity Do not move your feet! Yoga pose
What area of your brain is active?
Label/color on your brain map

6. The Cerebellum
Is important for coordination and error checking during motor, perceptual, and cognitive functions
Is also involved in learning and remembering motor skills

7. Which part of my brain is active?
Attention & alertness?
What else does the part of the brain do?
Label/color on your brain map

8. The Brainstem The brainstem consists of three parts
The medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain

9. Brainstem The medulla oblongata The pons The midbrain
Contains centers that control several visceral functions
The pons
Also participates in visceral functions
The midbrain
Contains centers for the receipt and integration of several types of sensory information

10. The Diencephalon
The embryonic diencephalon develops into three adult brain regions
The epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

11. Which part of my brain is active?
Fight or flight?
What controls the breathing/heart rate changes associated with the response?
Why do we have this response – especially to loud noises?
Label/color on your brain map
Listen to someone speak and express themselves in a foreign language
Which part of the brain takes in all sensory input (except smell)

12. The hypothalamus regulates
The epithalamus
Includes the pineal gland and the choroid plexus
The thalamus
“Central operator”
Is the main input center for sensory information going to the cerebrum and the main output center for motor information leaving the cerebrum
The hypothalamus regulates
Homeostasis
Basic survival behaviors such as feeding, fighting, fleeing, and reproducing

13. Emotion Cards No words, facial expressions only
Which part of your brain is active?
What would happen if we were unable to interpret this nonverbal communication?
Are some people better than others?
Label/color on your brain map

14. Emotions The limbic system
Is a ring of structures around the brainstem
Figure 48.30
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Prefrontal cortex
Olfactory
bulb
Amygdala
Hippocampus

15. This limbic system includes three parts of the cerebral cortex
The amygdala, hippocampus, and olfactory bulb
These structures interact with the neocortex to mediate primary emotions
And attach emotional “feelings” to survival-related functions

16. Circadian Rhythms The hypothalamus also regulates circadian rhythms
Such as the sleep/wake cycle
Animals usually have a biological clock
Which is a pair of suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) found in the hypothalamus

17. Short Term Memory
Which part of the brain was stimulated during the memory game?
What part of your brain would be involved if this information was to be stored in your long term memory?
Label/color on your brain map

18. Arousal and Sleep
A diffuse network of neurons called the reticular formation
Is present in the core of the brainstem
Midbrain
Sight/Sound reflexes
Figure 48.24
Eye
Reticular formation
Input from touch,
pain, and temperature
receptors
Input from ears

19. A part of the reticular formation, the reticular activating system (RAS)
Regulates sleep and arousal

20. Midbrain & Hindbrain
How can we see the “ancientness” of these areas of the brain in the functions that these parts control?

21. Logic Puzzle
What part of the brain was stimulated when you were solving these puzzles?
What is the difference in the way your brain handles detailed, sequential information (logic problem) compared to the way it handles spatial information?
What connects these 2 parts?
Put them together – write your full name in cursive backwards (mirror image)
Label/color on your brain map

22. Cerebrum Most highly evolved structure of mammalian brain
Cerebrum divided
hemispheres
left = right side of body
right = left side of body
Corpus callosum
major connection between 2 hemispheres

23. Lateralization of Brain Function
Left hemisphere
language, math, logic operations, processing of serial sequences of information, visual & auditory details
detailed activities required for motor control
Right hemisphere
pattern recognition, spatial relationships, non-verbal ideation, emotional processing, parallel processing of information

25. The Cerebral Hemispheres
Cerebral Cortex and Functional Regions
Motor Areas
frontal lobe
What would you do to activate this area?
Which parts of your body do you think have the most motor control?
Sensory Areas
parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes
Think back to the sensory lab…which parts of the body were the most sensitive to touch?

28. Learning Check
What area of the brain is generally regarded as the area that “makes us human?” What area is so different in our brains?

29. In all vertebrates, the nervous system
Shows a high degree of cephalization and distinct CNS and PNS components
Figure 48.19
Central nervous
system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
Cranial
nerves
Ganglia
outside
CNS
Spinal

30. Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain & Spinal cord form the central nervous system
The brain
provides integrative power
Controls complex behavior of vertebrates
The spinal cord
integrates simple responses to certain kinds of stimuli
conveys information to and from the brain

31. The brain & spinal cord are hollow
The central canal of the spinal cord and the four ventricles of the brain contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Gray matter
White
matter
Ventricles
Figure 48.20

32. The Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic
nervous
system
Autonomic
Sympathetic
division
Parasympathetic
Enteric
Figure 48.21

33. The PNS transmits information to and from the CNS
The PNS can be divided into two functional components
Somatic nervous system
Carries signals to & from skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system
Carries signals to and from internal organs and glands

34. PNS- Somatic Nervous System
The somatic nervous system
Includes the cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Cranial nerves
originate in the brain
terminate mostly in organs of the head and upper body
Spinal nerves
originate in the spinal cord
extend to parts of the body below the head

35. PNS The autonomic nervous system
Regulates the internal environment, in an involuntary manner
Is divided into the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions

36. The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Have antagonistic effects on target organs
Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic division
Action on target organs:
Location of
preganglionic neurons:
brainstem and sacral
segments of spinal cord
Neurotransmitter
released by
acetylcholine
postganglionic neurons:
in ganglia close to or
within target organs
Constricts pupil
of eye
Stimulates salivary
gland secretion
Constricts
bronchi in lungs
Slows heart
Stimulates activity
of stomach and
intestines
of pancreas
Stimulates
gallbladder
Promotes emptying
of bladder
Promotes erection
of genitalia
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Synapse
Sympathetic
ganglia
Dilates pupil
Inhibits salivary
Relaxes bronchi
in lungs
Accelerates heart
Inhibits activity of
stomach and intestines
Inhibits activity
Stimulates glucose
release from liver;
inhibits gallbladder
adrenal medulla
Inhibits emptying
Promotes ejaculation and
vaginal contractions
Sacral
thoracic and lumbar
some in ganglia close to
target organs; others in
a chain of ganglia near
spinal cord
norepinephrine
Figure 48.22

37. The sympathetic division
Correlates with the “fight-or-flight” response
The parasympathetic division
Promotes a return to self-maintenance functions- “rest and digest”
The enteric division
Controls the activity of the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder

38. Summary
Differentiate between the CNS and PNS