1. Put the following events in correct order by numbering them from 1 to 5.
1.__________J. P. Morgan buys out Andrew Carnegie to form the first billion-dollar U.S. corporation.
2.__________The first federal law regulating railroads is passed.
3.__________The killing of policemen during a labor demonstration results in the execution of radical anarchists and the decline of the Knights of Labor.
4.__________A teacher of the deaf invents a machine that greatly eases communication across distance.
5.__________A golden spike is driven, fulfilling the dream of linking the nation by rail.

2. Interpreting Historical Paintings and Photographs
Historical paintings, lithographs, and photographs not only convey substantive information; they can also tell us how an artist or photographer viewed and understood the society and events of his or her day. Examine the photographs and painting indicated below and answer the following questions about them.

3. Examine the working people in the images found in chapter 24 of the textbook. What is the relationship of the workers in each image to their workplace? What is their relation to one another? What does each of the photos reveal about the nature of industrial labor?
Pages 581, 584, 585, 587,

4. A Virginia Tobacco Factory, ca. 1880
The employment of women and children
was a common practice in late-nineteenth century
American industry, north as well as
south.
p527

5. Women Canning Shrimp, 1893 Long hours, low pay, and
wretched working conditions were the common fate of
women who labored not for “pin money,” but to help
support their families. The “family wage” for the workingman
was more a hope than a reality.
p529

6. Breaker Boys at South Pittson, Pennsylvania, 1911
Photographer Lewis Hine captured the grimness of these
mine helpers’ lives. For hours they sat on benches above a
moving belt, breathing coal dust deep into their lungs and
kicking large pieces of coal with their feet, breaking the
lumps to uniform size for shipment. Photographs like this
one became icons of the reform crusade against child
labor, a campaign that succeeded only with the passage of
the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938.
p530

7. p531

8. Robber Barons Cyrus Field,
Jay Gould, Cornelius
Vanderbilt, and Russell Sage
Kept Afloat on the Broken
Backs of America’s
Workingmen, 1883
p524

9. 2. Examine the painting of “The Strike” by Robert Koehler on p. 588
2. Examine the painting of “The Strike” by Robert Koehler on p Where is the scene taking place? What is the relationship between the place of work and the scene in the painting? What has likely happened to bring the workers to this scene?

10. The Strike, by Robert Koehler, 1886 Scenes like this were becoming more typical of
American life in the late nineteenth century as industrialism advanced spectacularly
and sometimes ruthlessly. Here Koehler (1850–1917) shows an entire community of
men, women, and children—many of them apparently immigrant newcomers—
challenging the power of the “boss.” The scene is tense but orderly, though violence
seems to be imminent as one striker reaches for a rock.
p532

11. 3. Analyze the clothing of all the figures in the Koehler painting
3. Analyze the clothing of all the figures in the Koehler painting. What does it tell you about the economic and social condition of the various people?

12. The Strike, by Robert Koehler, 1886 Scenes like this were becoming more typical of
American life in the late nineteenth century as industrialism advanced spectacularly
and sometimes ruthlessly. Here Koehler (1850–1917) shows an entire community of
men, women, and children—many of them apparently immigrant newcomers—
challenging the power of the “boss.” The scene is tense but orderly, though violence
seems to be imminent as one striker reaches for a rock.
p532

13. 4. Two main conversations seem to be taking place in the foreground of the painting. What might each be about? What is the artist suggesting by presenting both conversations?

14. The Strike, by Robert Koehler, 1886 Scenes like this were becoming more typical of
American life in the late nineteenth century as industrialism advanced spectacularly
and sometimes ruthlessly. Here Koehler (1850–1917) shows an entire community of
men, women, and children—many of them apparently immigrant newcomers—
challenging the power of the “boss.” The scene is tense but orderly, though violence
seems to be imminent as one striker reaches for a rock.
p532

15. Growth of American Business
Industrialism in the late 1800’s

16. Causes of Rapid Industrialization
Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s.
The Railroad fueled the growing US economy:
First big business in the US.
A magnet for financial investment.
The key to opening the West.
Aided the development of other industries.
Technological innovations.
Bessemer and open hearth process
Refrigerated cars
Edison
“Wizard of Menlo Park”
light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures.

17. Thomas Alva Edison The Wizard of Menlo Park The Light bulb
The Motion Picture Camera
The Phonograph
The Wizard of Menlo Park

18. Alexander Graham Bell The Telephone 1876 George Westinghouse
Alternating current
The Airbrake
for railroads

19. American inventions soared!
Over 200,000 patents issued in 50 years
for new products and goods that fueled American industry and consumerism

20. …more causes of Industrialization
Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance.
Abundant capital.
New, talented group of businessmen [entrepreneurs] and advisors.
Market growing as US population increased.
Government willing to help at all levels to stimulate economic growth.
Abundant natural resources.

21. Business Beliefs Laissez Faire  the ideology of the Industrial Age.
Individual as a moral and economic ideal.
Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace.
The market was not man-made or invented.
No room for government in the market!

22. 2. Social Darwinism . Advocate of laissez-faire.
Herbert Spencer
. Advocate of laissez-faire.
Adapted Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans
Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.”

23. As applied to business…
Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail.
Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the economy is futile!
William Graham Sumner Folkways (1906)

24. Protestant (Puritan) “Work Ethic”
Is the self-made man a reality?
Can it be done without original money (like original sin)
Horatio Alger Jr. - author of the American Dream

25. New business practices developed…
Pool - joining businesses together to control a product or service Interstate Commerce Act Interstate Commerce Commission created to regulate railroads
Trust - John D. Rockefeller
Creating a new company to control a monopoly holding
-illegal to own individual companies by one individual
-the trust owns the company (ies) and then one entity owns the stock
Standard Oil Co!

26. 3. Business Operations
Horizontal Integration – John D. Rockefeller
Swift
Carnegie
Vertical Integration:
Gustave Swift – Meat Packing
Andrew Carnegie – U.S. Steel

28. The Gospel of Wealth: Religion in the Era of Industrialization
Wealth no longer looked upon as bad.
Viewed as a sign of God’s approval.
Christian duty to accumulate wealth.
Should not help the poor.

29. Andrew Carnegie Charity keeps the poor, poor
Inequality is inevitable and good.
Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”
Called for the wealthy to create museums, libraries, galleries, invent new architecture and provide education to the poor to help their plight.

30. The Changing American Labor Force

31. Issues in the workplace:
Workers are another cog in the machine
Unskilled labor is readily available
The Industry Giants!
“I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half”
Use Federal laws and courts to keep workers trapped
Creation of the Company town

32. The Molly Maguire's rise up!
1875
Created to fight back against unethical mining owners
-hired foreign workers
-cut pay 20%
-unsafe working conditions
Used violence, kidnapping and arson to strike
The owners called in …..

33. The Pinkerton Agents : The “Bully-Boys”
James McParland
Infiltrates the Maguires as James McKenna
Breaks up the organization for the mine owners

34. Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor “scabs”
P. R. campaign
Pinkertons
lockout
blacklisting
yellow-dog contracts
court injunctions
open shop
boycotts
sympathy demonstrations
informational picketing
closed shops
organized strikes
“wildcat” strikes

35. Knights of Labor trade card
Terence V. Powderly
Knights of Labor trade card

36. KOL Goals! • Eight-hour workday. • Workers’ cooperatives.
• Worker-owned factories.
• Abolition of child and prison labor.
• Increased circulation of greenbacks.
• Equal pay for men and women.
• Safety codes in the workplace.
• Prohibition of contract foreign labor.
• Abolition of the National Bank.

37. Haymarket Riot (1886)
Led to the collapse of the KOL

38. The American Federation of Labor: 1886
Samuel Gompers
“bread and butter” unionism
-better wages
-better hours
-better working conditions

39. AF of L Goals! • Catered to the skilled worker.
• Represented workers in matters of national legislation.
• Maintained a national strike fund.
• Evangelized the cause of unionism.
• Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.
• Mediated disputes between management and labor.
• Pushed for closed shops.