1. LATE 19 TH AND EARLY 20 TH CENTURY

2. Essential Question Industrialization increased the standard of living and the opportunities of most Americans, but at social what cost?

3. CAPTIALISM Definition: Private ownership of the means of production and distribution Private Owners = Big Businessmen and Tycoons Assumption about human nature: self-interested and competitive [Adam Smith, “enlightened self- interest”] Critics of capitalism: selfishness and greed Capitalist social ethos: human and social relations are reducible to market transactions

4. America’s Industrial Revolution Steel Monopoly: Andrew Carnegie Oil Monopoly: John D. Rockefeller, Sr. Railroad Monopolies: James J. Hill America’s Financier: J.P. Morgan Anthracite Coal Mining

5. Social Structure of Industrial America CAPITALISTS: ROBBER BARONS OR CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY?

6. “On Wealth” Andrew Carnegie $ The Anglo-Saxon race is superior. $ “Gospel of Wealth” (1901). $ Inequality is inevitable and good. $ Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.” $ The Anglo-Saxon race is superior. $ “Gospel of Wealth” (1901). $ Inequality is inevitable and good. $ Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”

7. The Protectors of Our Industries

8. Conspicuous Consumption

9. Social Structure of Industrial America Middle Class America: Between the rich and the poor

10. Social Structure of Industrial America The Working Class in the Mines, Mills, and Factories

11. Social Structure of Industrial America The Immigrant Poor

12. Social Structure of Industrial America Child Labor [worst in the anthracite coal mines]

13. Homestead Steelworks

14. Homestead Steelworkers Carnegie’s steelworkers worked 80 hours a week and only earned $10 a week. Unsafe working conditions

15. Intellectual History Turn of the 20 th Century: Intellectual Changes Intellectuals justify social inequalities of American Capitalism Intellectuals adopt a new view of the world, society, and human nature

16. The American Mind Skepticism The doctrine that true knowledge or knowledge in a particular area is uncertain.

17. NEW SCIENCE: NO CERTAINTY Relativity Quantum Mechanics

18. Darwinism Darwin discounted the idea of human progress Evolution is not change aimed at some ultimate end Evolution is not a progressive development

19. Social Darwinism × British economist. × Advocate of laissez-faire. × Adapted Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans. × Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.” × British economist. × Advocate of laissez-faire. × Adapted Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans. × Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.” Herbert Spencer

20. Social Darwinism in America William Graham Sumner Folkways (1906) $Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail. $Therefore, state intervention to help those at the bottom of society is futile! $Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail. $Therefore, state intervention to help those at the bottom of society is futile!

21. Causes of Rapid Industrialization 1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. 2. The Railroad fueled the growing US economy:  First big business in the US.  A magnet for financial investment.  The key to opening the West.  Aided the development of other industries. 1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. 2. The Railroad fueled the growing US economy:  First big business in the US.  A magnet for financial investment.  The key to opening the West.  Aided the development of other industries.

22. Causes of Rapid Industrialization 3. Technological innovations.  Bessemer and open hearth process  Refrigerated cars  Edison o “Wizard of Menlo Park” o light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures. 3. Technological innovations.  Bessemer and open hearth process  Refrigerated cars  Edison o “Wizard of Menlo Park” o light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures.

23. Thomas Alva Edison “Wizard of Menlo Park”

24. Alexander Graham Bell Telephone (1876)

25. The Airplane Wilbur Wright Orville Wright Kitty Hawk, NC – December 7, 1903

26. Model T Automobile Henry Ford I want to pay my workers so that they can afford my product! Henry Ford I want to pay my workers so that they can afford my product!

27. “Model T” Prices & Sales

28. U. S. Patents Granted 1790s  276 patents issued. 1990s  1,119,220 patents issued.

29. 4. Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance. 5. Abundant capital. 6. New, talented group of businessmen [entrepreneurs] and advisors. 7. Market growing as US population increased. 8. Government willing to help at all levels to stimulate economic growth. 9. Abundant natural resources. 4. Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance. 5. Abundant capital. 6. New, talented group of businessmen [entrepreneurs] and advisors. 7. Market growing as US population increased. 8. Government willing to help at all levels to stimulate economic growth. 9. Abundant natural resources. Causes of Rapid Industrialization

30. New Business Culture Laissez Faire  the ideology of the Industrial Age.  Individual as a moral and economic ideal.  Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace.  The market was not man-made or invented.  No room for government in the market!  Individual as a moral and economic ideal.  Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace.  The market was not man-made or invented.  No room for government in the market!

31. New Business Culture: “The American Dream?” Protestant (Puritan) “Work Ethic”  Horatio Alger [100+ novels] Protestant (Puritan) “Work Ethic”  Horatio Alger [100+ novels] Is the idea of the “self-made man” a MYTH??

32. Iron & Steel Production

33. U. S. Corporate Mergers

34. New Financial Businessman The Broker:  J. Pierpont Morgan The Broker:  J. Pierpont Morgan

35. Wall Street – 1867 & 1900

36. The Reorganization of Work Frederick W. Taylor The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) Frederick W. Taylor The Principles of Scientific Management (1911)

37. The Reorganization of Work The Assembly Line

38. Cornelius [“Commodore”] Vanderbilt Can’t I do what I want with my money?

39. The Gospel of Wealth: Religion in the Era of Industrialization Russell H. Conwell $ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad. $ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval. $ Christian duty to accumulate wealth. $ Should not help the poor. $ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad. $ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval. $ Christian duty to accumulate wealth. $ Should not help the poor.

40. Relative Share of World Manufacturing