2. TARGET VOCABULARY CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

3. Hardness (n): The property of being rigid and resistant to pressure; not easily scratched. Collocation: Scratch hardness (phr.): A material’s ability to resist being scratch. – Indentation hardness (n. Phr) Synonyms: Hardship (n) e.g.: The hardness of a material affects its endurance. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

4. Durability (n): The ability of materials to withstand the potentially destructive action of natural conditions and chemical reactions Word formation: Durable (adj)- durableness (n) Synonyms: Endurance (n) – persistence (n) e.g.: Durability of a material changes according to the substance of the material. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

5. Scratch (v): To mark a surface with a sharp object, thereby leaving a scratch. Collocation: Scratch hardness (phr.) e.g.: A real diamond can easily scratch a pane of glass. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

6. Abrasion (n): The action of two surfaces being rubbed together; any injury, which rubs off the surface of the material. Collocation: Abrasion resistance (n. phrase) Word formation: Abrade (v) Synonyms: Scratch (n)-rubbing (n) e.g.: Abrasion may damage the materials. Hard materials have good abrasive resistance. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

7. Indentation hardness (Phr.): A material’s ability to resist indentations; compressions in the surface of a material caused by impacts. Indentations CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

8. Fatique (n): A type of material failure due to cumulative effects of cyclic loading. Collocation: Metal fatigue Synonyms: Failure e.g.: The SPS design will remove the sources of stress concentrations and will reduce the effects of initiations of cracks and fatigues. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

9. Cyclic load/loading (phr.): forces that constantly vary. e.g.: Cyclic loads may cause metal fatigue. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

10. Flex (v): To bend something Word formation: flexibility (adj) Synonym: bend (v) e.g.: The wings of an aircraft constantly flex during the process of air turbulence. They continually bend up and down. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

11. Micro-cracking (n): Consequence of fatigue; the formation of cracks too small to see with the eye, and which worsen over time. e.g.: Micro-cracking of metals is sometimes too small to see with the eye. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

12. Creep (n): The gradual flow or deformation of a material under stress; deformation of components permanently due to loads. e.g.: The creep of the materials may increase over time depending on the degree of load. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

13. Conduct (v): To act as a conductor (as of heat, electricity, etc.); to carry Synonyms: carry (v), transmit (v) Word formation: conductivity (n) – conductor (n) Collocation: Thermal conductivity –Thermal conductor e.g.: Some materials can conduct heat better than the other materials. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

14. Expand (v): To increase in size because of heating. Word formation: expandable (adj)-expansion (n) Synonyms: increase (v)- broaden (v) – enlarge (v) e.g.:Most of the chemical materials expand when they are exposed to the heat. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

15. Contract (v): To decrease in size because of cooling Word formation: contraction (n) Synonyms: lessen (v)- shorten (v) – reduce (v) e.g.: Most of the chemical materials contract when they are exposed to cooling. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT