1. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES -ENGLISH UNIT- VOCABULARY PRESENTATION FOR ENG 205 COURSE WEEK 9&10

2. Disasters CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

3. 1. SPECULATION I. Work in small groups. What can cause a bridge to collapse. Make a list. p.39  Earthquakes  Fire  Floods  Design  Poor maintenance

4. VOCABULARY

5. truss (n): Definition : a support for a roof or bridge that is usually made of stone or brick. In architecture a truss is a structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints (e.g. of a bridge) CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT TRUSS

6. girder (n) : Definition : a long thick piece of steel or concrete, etc. which supports a roof, floor, bridge or other large structures. Girder is the term for the main horizontal support of a structure. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT GIRDER

7. gusset plate (n) : Definition : A rectangular or triangular steel plate that connects members of a truss of a bridge CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

8. bearing (n) : Definition : The part of an arch or beam that rests on a support. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT BEARING

9. collapse (v)/(n) : collapse (v) definition : to fall down suddenly because of pressure or having no strength or support Synonyms : be demolished collapse (n) definition : when a person or structure becomes too weak to stand and suddenly falls Synonyms : downfall Ex: Thousands of buildings collapsed in the earthquake. Ex: Many people died because of the collapse of the old building. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

10. buckle (v) / buckling (n) buckle (v) Word Formation : buckled(adj) Definition : to bend or become bent, often as a result of force, heat or weakness or due to compression Synonyms : bend Antonym : straighten buckling (n) Definition : temporary bending due to compression Ex: The intense heat from the fire had caused the factory roof to buckle. Ex: buckling of a column supporting a compressive load CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

11. compression (n) : compression (n) Word Formation : compress (v), compressed (adj), compressible (adj) Definition : the action of compressing or being compressed; a force that tends to shorten or squeeze something, decreasing its volume. compress (v) Definition : to press something into a smaller space Ex: The bridge bended because of compression. Ex: compressed air CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

12. tension (n) : Word Formation : tensional (adj) Definition : a pulling or stretching force *compressional stress, is the opposite of tensional stress. Synonyms : tightness Ex: Every bridge needs tensional stress in order to stay straight. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

13. Two Forces of a Bridge: Tension and Compression Tension: What happens to a rope during a game of tug-of-war? It undergoes tension from the two opposing teams pulling on it. This force also acts on bridge structures, resulting in tensional stress. Compression: What happens when you push down on a spring (arch)? You compress it, and by squishing it, you shorten its length. Compressional stress, therefore, is the opposite of tensional stress. Tension and Compression are present in all bridges, and as illustrated, they are both capable of damaging part of the bridge as varying load weights and other forces act on the structure. It's the job of the bridge design to handle these forces without buckling or snapping. Buckling occurs when compression overcomes an object's ability to endure that force.

14. corrode (v) / corrosion (n) corrode (v) Word Formation : corrosive (adj) Definition : If metal corrodes, or if something corrodes it, it is slowly damaged by something such as rain or water Synonyms : erode corrosion (n) Definition: being slowly destroyed, e.g. by a chemical Ex: Steel tends to corrode faster in a salty atmosphere, such as by the sea. Ex: Corrosion of a bridge is one of the most important reasons of its collapse. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

15. thermal shock ( n ) : Definition : a fluctuation in temperature causing stress in a material. It often results in fracture, esp in brittle materials such as ceramics Ex: A bridge collapse can be caused by a thermal shock in an extremely hot or cold day. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

16. wear (n) : Word Formation : Definition : Gradual impairment or diminution(reduction) resulting from use or attrition/corroding; removal of the surface material by rubbing Synonyms : corrosion, erosion Ex: It is obvious from the wear (the surface damage) of the bridge that it was built many years ago. Ex: I've only worn the shirt a couple of times and it's already showing signs of wear (= damage). CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

17. fracture (n) : Word Formation : fracture (v) Definition : a break or crack in something hard Synonyms : break Ex: Immediate maintenance is needed to mininize the risk of fracture in the bridge. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT fracture

18. metal fatique (n) : Definition : a weakness which develops in metal structures which are used repeatedly and which caused by continued loading Ex: Metal fatigue can be observed in bridges especially when there is a localized structural damage caused especially by extreme conditions of use. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

19. contract (v) : Word Formation : contraction (n) Definition : to become smaller or narrower, e.g. from cooling Synonyms : shorten Antonym : lenghten, extend Ex: Metal contracts as it cools. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

20. rust (v): Word Formation : rust (n) Definition : to become or cause something to become covered with rust rust (n): a reddish brown substance that forms on the surface of iron and steel as a result of decay caused by reacting with air and water Ex: Older cars will begin to rust. Ex: Years of being left out in the rain had rusted the metal chairs. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

21. 1. SPECULATION II. With your group discuss these photographs showing the I-35W bridge before and after its collapse. Discuss the possible causes of collapse. p.39

22. 1. SPECULATION III. After the collapse of the I-35W bridge, some technical experts called a radio phone-in show and suggested possible causes. Listen and tick the speculations that are mentioned. Track33/p.40 1. compression6. impact 2. bomb7. buckling 3. thermal shock 8. fracture 4. corrosion 9. metal fatigue 5. wear 10. tension √ √ √ √ √

23. 1. SPECULATION IV. Match these phrases with words or phrases in Exercise III which have the same or similar meaning. p.40 a. damage caused by continued loading b. temporary bending due to compression c. striking it with a hard force over a short period d. expanding or contracting suddenly because of extreme heat or cold e. disintegration caused by chemical reaction with oxygen and water f. breaking into two or more pieces g. removal of surface material by rubbing or friction h. a pulling or stretching force 9 7 6 3 4 8 5 10

24. 1. SPECULATION V. In pairs, talk about some dangerous or unusual events which have happened to you in your work or in your life. Speculate about the possible causes of the events. p.40

25. 2. INVESTIGATION I. Match these words in the box with the labels 1-6 p.41 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. decktrussgirder gusset plate bearingpier

26. ACTIONYES NO 1. bridge inspected every year 2. corrosion discovered in bearings 3. corroded bearings repaired or replaced 4. cracks found in girders 5. cracks in girder drilled to prevent spreading 6. support struts added to cracked girders 7. signs of metal fatique discovered 8. bridge closed after metal fatique discovered 9. steel reinforcement carried out on bridge 10. design error in gusset plates discovered before collapse 11. undersized gusset plates replaced with larger ones 2. INVESTIGATION Track 34 / p.41 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ II. Listen to the interview between an investigator and the company that managed the collapsed bridge. Put a tick in the correct boxes.

27. Exercises I&II p.42