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Session 1.2. Concepts and rationale:

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1 Session 1.2. Concepts and rationale:
Creating a systemic view on decentralisation

2 Session Overview Introduce the various dimensions of decentralisation
Increase the understanding of decentralisation as an “open system” of different interacting elements Increase the understanding of the complexity of decentralisation Blueprints to decentralisation don't exist

3 So many push factors... Decentralisation Democratic imperative
Achieving MDGs Effective service delivery Pressures from below (local governments and civil society urban growth and spatial planning local economic development

4 Potential benefits of decentralisation
Improved efficiency Improved governance Improved equity Improved development and poverty reduction

5 Potential advantages and risks of decentralisation
PROs CONs Better service delivery Local democratisation and local governance Improved equity Improved development and poverty reduction Mismatch mandates and delivery capacity Elite capturing and ‘bad local governance’ Inter-jurisdictional disparities Local development not supported by central policies REC: CLOSE COOPERATION EXTERNAL PARTNERS /…….

6 The Two Waves of Decentralisation

7 Reviewing the different concepts
Decentralisation 1 : Political Decentralisation LA CONSULTATION DU C.E. N’EST PAS UNE SIMPLE INFORMATION : La loi distingue information et consultation. Pour désigner l’obligation de consultation du chef d’entreprise, elle utilise fréquemment le verbe consulter seul, ou indique que le CE est obligatoirement informé et consulté. Quand ces 2 verbes sont accolés, la consultation est donc toujours obligatoire. Globalement, dès lors que l’information est suivie d’un avis auquel l’employeur doit fournir une réponse motivée, les éléments de la consultation sont réunis en fait. SI LA LOI REQUIERT UNE CONSULTATION : Dans ce cas, la consultation ne peut pas être confondue avec une simple information (sous peine de délit d’entrave). Sur le schéma, on voit que la consultation suppose un ensemble d’actions de forme et de fond clairement encadrées au sein d’une procédure : la consultation englobe l’information simple. Une consultation doit porter sur l’ensemble du projet élaboré et non sur une partie de celui-ci. SI LA LOI REQUIERT UNE INFORMATION : Cela ne signifie pas que l’initiative ou le projet qui fait l’objet de l’information n’entre pas également dans les compétences consultatives du CE : auquel cas l’information doit être accompagnée ou suivie d’une consultation du CE en bonne et due forme. Par exemple : il en sera ainsi en cas d’information obligatoire d’une O.P.A. ou O.P.E. REPONSE A LA QUESTION DE LA DIAPO : Si le juge est saisi par le CE pour trancher la question, il peut estimer que la réunion prévue par l’employeur ne sera considérée que comme une simple réunion d’information sauf si, à l’issue des débats, le CE s’estime en mesure de délibérer. La cour de cassation admet que le juge des référés puisse reporter la date de la consultation en raison de l’insuffisance des informations fournies. EN PRATIQUE, L’INFORMATION OU LA CONSULTATION … Il y a des informations trimestrielles et annuelles obligatoires, par ex. sur les activités et chiffres de l’entreprise, le bilan social, l’évolution des effectifs. Il y a des consultations annuelles obligatoires (formation, temps de travail). Nécessité de vérifier dans chaque cas ce que la loi requiert : la « simple information » (quelques cas) ou « l’information et la consultation » (la majorité des cas). Souvent, nous, consultants, nous nous situons dans le cadre d’une consultation préalable pour cause de projets de changement. 2 : Administrative Decentralisation 3 : Fiscal Decentralisation 4  : Local government – local governance - local economic development 5  : Territorial planning

8 Political decentralisation
Existence of bodies separated by law with from centre Adapting public institutions to decentralised context Free and fair elections Devolution of power to local governments Organisation downward accountability Local autonomy to programme and spend (own) resources A well-developed and inclusive local political process (participation)

9 Administrative decentralisation
Existence of lower levels of government, agencies, field offices Delivery of public services & functions at lower levels Ensuring effective local-intergovernmental relationships Transferring decision-making authority, resources Execution ‘on behalf of’ central government Building institutional capacities at lower levels Clarifying accountability lines to local and central government (control/ tutelle)

10 Fiscal decentralisation
Allocation of responsibilities among levels of government Impact of fiscal decentralisation? Introduction of planning and budgeting cycle at decentralised level Resources for Local governments Central government control (upward accountability) Allocation various taxes among levels of government Fiscal transfer systems among different levels of government

11 Tendencies and paradoxes

12 (Elected) Local government
Recognising legitimate role (‘obligatory entry point’) Accountability of local governments (upwards, horizontal, downwards) Emergence and consolidation of legitimate, effective and viable local governments Local government capacity building Local public finance

13 Local Governance Institutional and organisational set-up for local governance process Improvement local finances (including citizen’s willingness to pay taxes Existence and quality of accountability mechanisms Responsive and accountable local governments Empowerment civil society (dialogue partners and ‘watchdog’ Mechanisms for exchange of information and dialogue

14 Local (economic) development
Acceptance ‘catalyst’ role local governments Local coalitions in support of integrated local development strategies New generation of local economic development (LED) initiatives Partnerships local governments, private sector and communities in defined area Impact decentralised decisions on the local economy Link local level dynamics to processes at upper level Link local development and territorial planning

15 Territorial planning Is territorial division of country conducive to decentralisation? Promoting social and economic synergies between urban and rural municipalities Coordinating decentralisation with territorial (spatial) planning Ensure provision of spatial planning information (in addition to sectoral information) Linking admin. decentralisation with inter-sectoral coordination Creation of ‘regional hubs’ to ensure articulation between decentralisation and territorial planning

16 Decentralisation: a work in progress

17 Decentralisation: a complex reality

18 Simple and complex systems
Cooking Simple Predictable Recipe Puzzle Simple Predictable Single solution Trial & error Machine Complicated Not predictable Guidelines Problem tree Planning Decentralisation Complex Not predictable Assessment Scenarios Adaptive management Social learning

19 Source: Cognitive Edge (www.cognitive-edge.com)
Cynefin Framework Complex Complicated Chaotic Simple Source: Cognitive Edge ( 19

20 How to understand complex realities?

21 Ping pong ball game

22 Seeing the broader picture
Moving beyond normative – technocratic concepts Start from decentralisation realities on the ground Thinking in systems and feedback loops Adopt an 'open-system perspective' Focus on linkages between different dimensions of decentralisation Decentralisation as a multi-actor, multi-sector and multi-perspective process

23 Thinking in systems

24 Decentralisation as an ‘open system’

25 Examples of linkages (1)
Political decentralisation dependent on administrative and fiscal decentralisation (communes without capacities/resources) Decentralisation dependent on broader state reforms Decentralisation dependent on democratisation (flawed elections erode legitimacy)

26 Examples of linkages (2)
Link between decentralisation as ‘political process’ and local development dynamics’ Need to move from ‘local governments’ to ‘local governance’ Local actors want to participate in national/sectoral policy processes Decentralising the mind of donor agencies (local government vs. community projects)

27 Visualisation of linkages
Democratisation Broader State Reforms

28 The danger of imposing blueprints…

29 From blue prints to co-design


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