1. Tissues
Connective Tissue

2. the 3 primary germ layers
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm
These give rise to all the basic tissues of the body

3. The four types of tissues.
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve

4. glandular epithelium & how is it classified
A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid
Classified by:
Site of product release – endocrine or exocrine
Relative number of cells forming the gland – unicellular or multicellular

5. Glandular epithelium – made up of cells that produce secretions

6. endocrine glands, what they secrete & how do they do it
Ductless glands that produce hormones
Secretions include amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids
“Stuff” goes directly into blood

7. exocrine glands, what they secrete & how do they do it
More numerous than endocrine glands
Secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
Examples include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands
The only important unicellular gland is the goblet cell
“stuff” goes through ducts
Sebum from sebaceous gland secretes acid mantle on skin surface to kill bacteria

8. the major types of connective tissue & some examples
Found throughout the body
Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, & blood
All arise from the same stem cell

9. Endoderm becomes gastrointestinal tract,
Endoderm becomes gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, endocrine glands and organs
Mesoderm becomes bones, cartilage, blood, muscles
Ectoderm becomes the nervous system and skin

10. the general functions of connective tissue
Binding and support, protection, insulation, and transportation

11. the common characteristics of connective tissue
Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin
Varying degrees of vascularity
Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground substance and fibers
Collagen is the main protein of ct

12. the major structural elements of connective tissue
Ground substance – unstructured material that fills the space between cells
Fibers – collagen (fibrous), elastic (elastin), or reticular (fibrous)

13. types of cells you find in connective tissue & where you find them
Fibroblasts
Chondroblasts
Osteoblasts
Hematopoietic stem cells
Found in mesenchyme, derived from mesenchymal stem cells

15. Fibroblast

16. Chondroblast

17. Osteoblast

18. Hematopoietic stem cells

20. the two types of loose connective tissue proper given & what characterizes them
Areolar connective tissue
Gel-like matrix with all three connective tissue fibers
Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells
Wraps and cushions organs
Widely distributed throughout the body

21. Areolar connective tissue (loose)

22. Loose connective Tissue Proper
Adipose connective tissue
Matrix similar to areolar connective tissue with closely packed adipocytes
Reserves food stores, insulates against heat loss, and supports and protects
Found under skin, around kidneys, within abdomen, and in breasts
Local fat deposits serve nutrient needs of highly active organs

23. Adipose connective tissue (loose)

24. the two types of dense connective tissue proper & what characterizes them
Regular
Parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers
Major cell type is fibroblasts
Attaches muscles to bone or to other muscles, and bone to bone
Found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

25. Dense Regular (tendons)

26. Dense connective tissue proper
Irregular
Irregularly arranged collagen fibers with some elastic fibers
Major cell type is fibroblasts
Withstands tension in many directions providing structural strength
Found in the dermis, submucosa of the digestive tract, and fibrous organ capsules

27. Dense irregular (fibrous dermis)

28. the 3 different types of cartilage: what they are made of, their functions & where you would find them
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage cartilage

29. 1. Hyaline Cartilage
Looks like jelly – does not heal and usually is cut out when injured with hope of gaining muscle to compensate for the loss
Chondrocytes lie in lacunae (a small space containing an osteocyte in bone or chondrocyte in cartilage)
Supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists compression

30. Hyaline cartilage Forms the costal cartilage
Found in embryonic skeleton, the end of long bones, nose, trachea, and larynx

31. 2. Elastic Cartilage
Similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers
Maintains shape and structure while allowing flexibility
Supports external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis

32. Elastic cartilage has “little eyes”

33. 3. Fibrocartilage cartilage
Matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm with thick collagen fibers
Provides tensile strength and absorbs compression shock
Found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and in discs of the knee joint

34. Fibrocartilage

35. the characteristics & functions of osseous tissue.
Hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers found in bone
Osteocytes are found in lacunae and are well vascularized

36. Osseous Tissue

37. Osseous Tissue cont’d
Supports, protects, and provides levers for muscular action
Stores calcium, minerals, and fat
Marrow inside bones is the site of hematopoiesis
Bones will change shape with pressure: braces/jawbone, tight shoes/bunions, hammer toe

38. Bone marrow: 2 kinds Red marrow – site of hematopoiesis
Yellow marrow – fat (this is why you make soup from bones)

39. hematopoietic bone marrow of flat bones  vertebrae, sternum, ribs, iliac. It represents 4-6% of body weight. The fatty degeneration of red bone marrow (RBM) (25%) into yellow bone marrow (YBM) (75%) is completed around age 21 years.

40. Red marrow
C  hematopoietic tissue forming new blood cells.

41. Yellow marrow

42. the characteristics & functions of blood
Red (carry O2, CO2) and white cells (defense) in a fluid matrix (plasma)
Contained within blood vessels
Functions in the transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes

43. Blood