1. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command TRADOC DCSINT

2. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Opposing Force Operations FM 7-100.1 OPFOR FM 7-100.1 Opposing Force: Operations Overview Chapters 1 - 13

3. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chapter 1 Strategic Framework Chapter 1 Strategic Framework

4. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT National Security Strategy The State’s vision for itself as a nation and the underlying rationale for building and employing its instruments of national power to achieve its strategic goals.

5. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT National Command Authority MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS STRATEGIC INTEGRATION DEPARTMENT MINISTRY OF PUBLIC INFORMATION MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITY MINISTRY OF DEFENSE SUPREME HIGH COMMAND MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS MINISTER OF PUBLIC INFORMATION MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR MINISTER OF DEFENSE PRESIDENT MINISTER OF NATIONAL SECURITY MINISTER OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC AFFAIRS MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC AFFAIRS GENERAL STAFF OTHER MINISTRIES OTHER MEMBERS

6. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT National Strategic Goals Overall strategic goalsOverall strategic goals –Expand influence in region –Improve position in global community Specific goals (Examples)Specific goals (Examples) –Annex territory –Economic expansion –Destroy insurgency –Protect related minority –Acquire natural resources –Destroy external threats –Defend State against invasion –Preclude/eliminate outside intervention Overall strategic goalsOverall strategic goals –Expand influence in region –Improve position in global community Specific goals (Examples)Specific goals (Examples) –Annex territory –Economic expansion –Destroy insurgency –Protect related minority –Acquire natural resources –Destroy external threats –Defend State against invasion –Preclude/eliminate outside intervention

7. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT National Strategic Campaign Specific strategic goals All instruments of national power Contingency plans Training and preparation Allocation of resources One campaign implemented at a time

8. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Military Strategic Campaign Plan PeacetimePeacetime –Develop military SCP –Continuing review –Fit with plans of other ministries –Defines the theater –Determines task organization WartimeWartime –Continuing review –Modification as required –Options and contingency plans –Direct operational-level forces PeacetimePeacetime –Develop military SCP –Continuing review –Fit with plans of other ministries –Defines the theater –Determines task organization WartimeWartime –Continuing review –Modification as required –Options and contingency plans –Direct operational-level forces

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10. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Strategic-Level Courses of Action Strategic Operations : strategic-level COA that uses all instruments of power in peace and war against the enemy’s strategic centers of gravity Regional Operations : strategic-level COA against regional and internal adversaries the State overmatches Transition Operations : strategic-level COA that bridges gap between regional and adaptive operations Adaptive Operations : strategic-level COA against extraregional adversaries that overmatch the State

11. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Systems Warfare A tool to assist in planning, preparation, and execution of warfare Operational environment, battlefield, and instruments of power are a collection of integrated systems and subsystems = “system of systems” Primary principle is identification, isolation, and attack of critical subsystems

12. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chapter 2 Command and Control Chapter 2 Command and Control

13. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Command and Support Relationships Constituent Dedicated Supporting Affiliated RelationshipCommanded by Logistics from Positioned by Priorities from ConstituentGaining DedicatedGainingParentGaining SupportingParent Supported AffiliatedSelfSelf or “Parent” SelfMutual Agreement

14. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Strategic-Level Organization Strategic-Level Organization Administrative Force Structure Designed to man, train, and equip forces Peacetime: –Forces grouped in corps, armies, or army groups –Geographical military regions or districts Wartime: –Force providers to operational- and tactical-level fighting commands –Provides depot- and area support-level functions –Supports mobilization of reserves –Rarely serves as a fighting command

15. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Operational-Level Organization Operational-Level Organization Operational-Strategic Command Primary operational-level organization Controls combined arms, joint, interagency, & multinational operations Forces are not permanently assigned SCP assigns forces from admin force structure

16. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Integrated Fires Command Standing C 2 structure Task-organized fire support units Division-level and above units have an IFC C 2 structure Fire support assets include: –Aviation –Artillery –Missiles –RISTA Integrated support group

17. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Integrated Support Command Administrative force structure CSS & some CS units allocated to OSC Not suballocated to tactical-level units OSC provides CSS assets for IFC integrated support group Balance of units in ISC supports remainder of OSC

18. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Command Group and Staff Command group –Commander –Deputy commander–serves as IFC commander –Chief of staff Staff –Same basic structure for all operational-level HQs –Primary and secondary staff –Functional staff

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20. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chapter 3 Offensive Operations Chapter 3 Offensive Operations

21. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Purpose of the Offense Attack to destroy –Eliminates target as a fighting force –Focuses on key combat formations/capabilities Attack to seize –Gains control of key terrain feature/facility Attack to expel –Forces defender to vacate area –Focuses on key enemy capability/vulnerability

22. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Organizing the Battlefield Area of responsibility –Three basic zones –Preserves flexibility –Control lines Disruption zone –Uses direct and indirect fires –Disrupt defensive work –Delay or fix enemy forces –Attack key targets

23. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Organizing the Battlefield Organizing the Battlefield (Continued) Battle zone –Fix and destroy enemy forces –All components of combat power used –Control forces in proximity to enemy –Engage enemy in close combat Support zone –Provide logistics and administrative support Attack zone –Assigned zone of action for attacking force Kill zone –Designated area to destroy key enemy target

24. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Organizing Forces Disruption force –Conducts operations in disruption zone Fixing force –Fixes enemy forces so they cannot maneuver Assault force –Creates condition for exploitation force to operate Exploitation force –Achieves the mission objective

25. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Organizing Forces Organizing Forces (Continued) Security force –Prevents/mitigates enemy effects against overall command Deception force –Executes deception plan Reserves –Used for unforeseen events

26. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Types of Offensive Action Types of Offensive Action Attack Integrated attack –Forces a military decision –Focus on ground combat forces, C 2, and logistics structure –Fixes and isolates enemy combat power Dispersed attack –Used on superior enemy or when cannot mass –Relies on IW and dispersion –Directed at key portion of enemy force

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28. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Types of Offensive Action Types of Offensive Action Limited-Objective Attack Sophisticated ambush –Links in time & task RISTA, attacking forces, and window of opportunity –Target that affects enemy center of gravity –Normally planned & resourced at operational level Spoiling attack –Disrupts timing of enemy operations to control tempo –Occurs during planning & preparation of enemy offensive operations –Executed using other types of offensive action

29. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Types of Offensive Action Types of Offensive Action Limited-Objective Attack (Cont) Counterattack –Forces enemy offense to culminate –Returns OPFOR to offensive operations –Designed to control tempo of operations by returning initiative to OPFOR

30. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Types of Offensive Action Types of Offensive Action Strike Rapidly destroys key enemy organizations Uses synergy of massed precision fires & maneuver Key is devastation in small span of time

31. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chapter 4 Defensive Operations Chapter 4 Defensive Operations

32. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Purpose of Defense Defense to destroy –Eliminates attacking force offensive capability –Can include tactical offensive actions Defense to preserve –Protects key OPFOR elements Defense to deny –Denies access to geographic area/facilities

33. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Organizing the Battlefield Area of responsibility –Three principal zones –Facilitates transition to offense Disruption zone –OPFOR begins attack on enemy systems –Sets condition for defeat in battle zone –Primarily long-range joint fires & strikes –SPF and affiliated forces Battle zone –Main defense force uses fire & maneuver –Ties obstacles into fire support plan

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35. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Organizing the Battlefield Organizing the Battlefield (Continued) Support zone –Provides logistic and administrative support Attack zone –Conducts offensive action inside defense Kill zone –Designated area to destroy key enemy target Battle position –Occupied by tactical level subordinates –Two types—simple and complex

36. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Organizing Forces Disruption force –Prevents effective enemy attack –May have counterreconnaissance mission Main defense force –Executes the defensive mission in the battle zone Protected force –Force being protected in a “defense to preserve” Security force –Prevents/mitigates enemy effects against overall command

37. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Organizing Forces Organizing Forces (Continued) Counterattack force –Destroys an exposed major enemy formation –Regains the initiative for the offense Reserves –Influence unforeseen events/opportunities –Maneuver –Antitank –Antilanding –Special Deception force –Executes deception plan

38. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Integrated defense –Full joint and/or combined arms –More likely in regional operations Decentralized defense –C 2 and/or logistics degraded –Cannot operate freely in battlespace –Focus on preserving combat power Forms of Defenses

39. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Types of Defensive Action Types of Defensive Action Maneuver Defense Used when OPFOR is not completely overmatched Uses fires and maneuver to destroy enemy Normally integrated defenses OPFOR chooses place/time for engagements Defensive battles with counterattacks & fires Units maneuver to positions on defensive lines

40. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Types of Defensive Action Types of Defensive Action Area Defense Used to deny geographic areas or when OPFOR is overmatched Primary mission to preserve combat power Uses battle positions in complex terrain Dominates with reconnaissance fire Creates windows for limited-objective attacks and strikes Facilitates transition to a larger offensive action

41. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chapter 5 Information Warfare Chapter 5 Information Warfare

42. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Elements of IW Electronic warfare (EW) Computer warfare Deception Physical destruction Protection and security measures Perception management Information attack (IA)

43. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Tools of IW Physical destruction means Electronic destruction means Malicious software Denial-of-service attacks News agencies TV/radio/Internet Print media Communication networks Diplomatic activities Reconnaissance /espionage /eavesdropping technologies

44. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Targets of IW Decision makers Weapons Hardware Critical information infrastructure C 2 systems Information & telecommunications systems C 2 centers & nodes National communications media Transmitters Communication devices Communication protocols

45. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chapter 6 Reconnaissance Chapter 6 Reconnaissance

46. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Recon Priorities Strategic –Indications of hostilities –Weapons of mass destruction Operational –Precision weapons –NBC systems –Air defenses –Intelligence-collection assets –Higher HQ & communications centers –General support artillery

47. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Recon Priorities Recon Priorities (Continued) Operational (Continued) –Operational maneuver formations –Airfields & forward operating bases –Reserves –Unit boundaries –Defended areas –Enemy’s capabilities

48. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Recon Priorities Recon Priorities (Continued) Tactical –DS artillery/mortars/attack helicopters –Tanks & antitank systems –Air defense –Brigade & battalion CPs –Obstacles –Field defenses

49. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Operational Assets Special-Purpose Forces Signals reconnaissance assets Air assets Artillery assets NBC assets Engineer assets Airborne forces Unmanned aerial vehicles Ground forces tactical reconnaissance

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51. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chapter 7 Fire Support Chapter 7 Fire Support

52. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Fire Support Concepts Combines target acquisition, air assets, SSMs, and artillery IW included as part of fire support

53. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Command and Control Chief of integrated fires –OSC operations section –Advises OSC commander on fire support Integrated fires command (IFC) –Standing C 2 structure and task organization –Division-level and above –C 2 for Air Force, army aviation, artillery, SSM, and RISTA units –Executes all fire support tasks Fire support coordination center (FSCC) –Located at maneuver battalion to IFC –Plans and coordinates fires

54. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Fire Support Planning Occurs at the highest level possible Includes— –Target acquisition –Organization for combat –Fire support missions –Ammunition requirements –Detailed fire support plan Limited precision munitions for HVTs NCA controls NBC weapons –SSMs, aircraft, and cruise missiles deliver NBC –Artillery systems of 152-mm and above deliver nuclear and chemical

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56. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Methods of Fire Fire support to a strike Reconnaissance fire Close support fire Interdiction fire Counterfire Counterbattery fire

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58. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chapter 8 Aviation Chapter 8 Aviation

59. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Organization Organization Air Force Operational-level –SHC may include Air Force units in the OSC –Organized to specific mission –Assets for fire support are part of the IFC

60. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Organization Organization Army Aviation –May provide assets to DTG & BTG Operational-level –Aviation brigade or battalion task organized under OSC –Organized to specific mission

61. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Command and Control Aviation commanders normally subordinate to theater/OSC commanders and IFC commanders Centralized control due to limited assets Airspace operations subsection at theater, OSC, and tactical group levels has primary staff responsibility for aviation Integrated C 2 between air and ground forces enhances planning and preparation

62. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINTMissions Counterair Reconnaissance Counterreconnaissance Direct air support Interdiction Helicopters as maneuver force Combat support & combat service support

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64. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Degree of Airspace Dominance Air supremacy –Enemy air force incapable of any interference –Ultimate goal of air operations Air superiority –OPFOR can operate at given time & place without enemy interference Local air superiority –Geographically based –Coincides with enemy aircraft downtime, returning sorties, etc. Air parity –Equal capability of OPFOR & enemy –OPFOR can be negatively impacted

65. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chapter 9 Air Defense Support Chapter 9 Air Defense Support

66. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT All-Arms Air Defense Air defense considered a mission Combined arms & joint approach units –AD units –Aviation –SPF –Rockets & SSMs Adaptive tactics for AD & other units –Artillery & mortars –Infantry –Engineers –Affiliated forces

67. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Air Defense Concepts Not purely defensive Destruction of high-visibility enemy systems important Enemy aircraft destruction not required Air defense creates window of opportunity for limited-objective offensive action Integral to combined arms combat All air defense weapons & equipment are part of integrated air defense system

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69. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Command and Control Integrated air defense system (IADS) –National level – regional opns centrally directed –Sector level – used against extraregional force –Operational and tactical level – OSC directs AD employment for immediate subordinate units Centralization –Target detection efficiency –Long range SAMs –Mutual supporting AD units in defense Decentralization –Provides flexibility & shorter response time –Better for fast paced maneuver operations

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71. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Command and Control (Cont) Airspace management –OSC lowest level controls Army & Air Force units –Chief of airspace operations (CAO) on OSC staff –Zones of responsibility minimize interference between fighter aircraft and ground AD weapons –Air defense control measures used to coordinate use of airspace by aviation and AD systems Command posts and communications –CAO at OSC main CP –Air Force, army aviation, & AD liaison teams –Air defense & NBC warning net established

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73. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chapter 10 Engineer Support Chapter 10 Engineer Support

74. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINTAssets Combat engineers –Direct contact with enemy –Engineer vehicles survive close combat Special-category engineers –Bridge units –Road-building units –Utility vehicles Operational level integrates civilian and military resources

75. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Command and Control Units allocated to OSC in constituent, dedicated, or supporting relationship Operations officer responsible staff officer Liaison teams sent by engineer units Engineer units task organized for mission

76. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINTMissions Primary missions include reconnaissance, mobility, countermobility, and survivability Key tasks supporting missions are— –Recon enemy and terrain –Prepare fortifications –Prepare/maintain routes –Clear passages through obstacles –Equip/maintain gap crossings –Establish obstacles –Support IW –Purify water/establish water supply points –Eliminate effects of NBC and precision weapons

77. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chapter 11 NBC and Smoke Operations Chapter 11 NBC and Smoke Operations

78. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT OPFOR NBC Preparedness Locate & destroy enemy NBC capability Multiple OPFOR options –Precision weapons capable of conventional and NBC effects –OPFOR NBC used to deter aggression or in retaliation against attack –Delivered by SSM, artillery, aircraft, and SPF Enemy NBC delivery means receive highest priority in targeting

79. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Staff Responsibility Offensive operations –Chief of WMD responsible for planning use of WMD –Provides advice to OSC commander and staff on NBC issues –Supported by liaison teams Defensive operations –Chief of force protection responsible for NBC defense –Supported by liaison teams

80. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chemical Warfare Delivery means include aircraft, MRLs, artillery, mines, rockets, and SSMs Include both lethal and nonlethal agents Include persistent and nonpersistent agents

81. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Nuclear Warfare OPFOR continuously plans for nuclear use State will retaliate with nuclear weapons if attacked with them More likely to use nuclear weapons on regional opponents Delivery means include aircraft, SSMs, artillery, and SPF

82. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Biological Warfare Agents include pathogenic microbes, microorganism toxins, and bioregulating compounds Provide wide-area coverage Persistent agents can last for weeks Incubation periods delay effects

83. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT NBC Protection Capability equal to extraregional forces Operational-Tactical responses to NBC threat: –Delivery system destruction –Dispersion of forces –Speed of advance –C 3 D –Continuous contact Chemical defense units responsible for all NBC protection and reconnaissance Equipment includes protective clothing, vehicle overpressure & filtration systems, NBC reconnaissance, and decontamination

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85. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINTSmoke OPFOR plans extensive smoke use Smoke companies allocated to OSCs Agents include both neutral and toxic smoke

86. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chapter 12 Logistics Chapter 12 Logistics

87. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Operational Logistics Concepts Centralized planning & decentralized execution Support forward Sustainment from other sources

88. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT RESOURCES OFFICER CHIEF OF ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATIVE SUBSECTION LOGISTICS SUBSECTION CHIEF OF LOGISTICS Command and Control General Staff keeps some logistics units Resources section provides logistics integration Resources officer on OSC staff –Chief of logistics –Chief of administration

89. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Integrated Support Command Logistics units allocated from the administrative force structure to an OSC Functions include –Materiel support (supply & services) –Maintenance –Transportation –Medical support –Personnel support Some combat support units may be included

90. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chapter 13 Airborne, Special-Purpose Forces, and Amphibious Operations Chapter 13 Airborne, Special-Purpose Forces, and Amphibious Operations

91. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Airborne and Heliborne Operations Used for surprise and rapid envelopment of key objectives Used for regional power projection and access control Especially useful in transition and adaptive operations

92. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Airborne and Heliborne Operations Airborne and Heliborne Operations Command and Control Airborne forces directly subordinate to the Supreme High Command May allocate to a theater HQ or OSC Landing force commander initially conducts the operation until linkup

93. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Airborne and Heliborne Operations Airborne and Heliborne Operations Missions Strategic missions –Airborne forces against deep targets –Targets include national capitals, economic centers, ports, and airfields Operational missions –Normal force is airborne brigade –Targets include CPs, communications, nuclear weapons, logistics, and LOCs

94. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Airborne and Heliborne Operations Airborne and Heliborne Operations Missions (Continued) Tactical missions –Limited airborne use; primarily heliborne –Helps ground forces reach operational/tactical objectives –Heliborne missions include repositioning forces, reconnaissance, tactical security, antilanding reserve, ambushes, and raids

95. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Special-Purpose Forces Operations SPF Command –Supports local irregular forces Service components –Used at operational level –Conducts direct action and reconnaissance at operational depth Navy and Air Force support insertions –Allows attack to enemy’s strategic depth –Conducts both direct action and strategic reconnaissance

96. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Special-Purpose Forces Operations Special-Purpose Forces Operations Command and Control SPF Command, Army, Navy, Air Force, and Internal Security Forces have organic SPF units SPF task organized for mission General Staff allocates assets to theater commander who can suballocated to OSC OSC can suballocate to tactical level Normally operate as small teams

97. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Special-Purpose Forces Operations Special-Purpose Forces Operations Special Reconnaissance Major HUMINT source Priorities include –Precision weapons –NBC systems –HQ/C 2 –RISTA systems Can monitor targets or conduct direct action – Rail/road/air routes – Airfields & ports – Logistics facilities – ADA systems

98. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Special-Purpose Forces Operations Special-Purpose Forces Operations Direct Action Includes overt, covert, or clandestine attack on enemy Operations include assassination, abduction, sabotage, ambushes, and rescues Diversionary measures include – Direct action in enemy’s rear area – Disruption of C 2, commo, & LOCs – Misdirecting military movement – Spreading disinformation

99. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Special-Purpose Forces Operations Special-Purpose Forces Operations Commandos Part of SPF Command Emphasis on infiltration and fighting in complex terrain and at night Employed as battalions down to small teams Allocated to OSC, DTG, or BTG Can conduct normal infantry missions

100. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Amphibious Operations Limited capability for insertion of forces Forces used include –Naval infantry –Regular ground forces –SPF Amphibious landings can be operational or tactical in scale

101. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Amphibious Operations Amphibious Operations Command and Control Naval infantry can be allocated to OSC Overall C 2 by Navy commander when only Naval units involved Overall C 2 by OSC commander when joint operations Landing force commander conducts operation once on shore

102. Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINTSummary Chapter 1-Strategic Framework Chapter 2-Command and Control Chapter 3-Offensive Operations Chapter 4-Defensive Operations Chapter 5-Information Warfare Chapter 6- Reconnaissance Chapter 7-Fire Support Chapter 8-Aviation Chapter 9-Air Defense Support Chapter 10-Engineer Support Chapter 11-NBC and Smoke Operations Chapter 12-Logistics Chapter 13-Airborne, Special-Purpose Forces, and Amphibious Operations