1. Understandin g APA Conceived by: Gina Robinson, MSN Designed by: Terry Hudson, MA, MDiv

2. Understanding APA 1 Understanding APA Student’s Name Trinity International University Eng111e Instructor’s Name, Degrees Date Understanding APA 1 Understanding APA Student’s Name Trinity International University Eng111e Instructor’s Name, Degrees Date TITLE PAGE 1” Margins Header: First 2-3 Words of Title & Page Number, Upper Right Type: Times New Roman or Courier, 12 pt. Double Spaced No All-Caps. Use Upper and Lower Case Centered No Bold Use Italics Sparingly

3. Understanding APA 2 Abstract The abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the paper, should not exceed 120 words. Understanding APA 2 Abstract The abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the paper, should not exceed 120 words. ABSTRACT PAGE Not indented. Write in 3 rd Person – “This student…” “This writer…”

4. Understanding APA 3 Understanding APA “Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country” (Smith, 2006, p. 1). According to Smith (2006), “Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country” (p.1). (The above are samples of In-Text citations.) Understanding APA 3 Understanding APA “Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country” (Smith, 2006, p. 1). According to Smith (2006), “Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country” (p.1). (The above are samples of In-Text citations.) TEXT PAGE Exact Title Repeated From Title Page Paragraphs Indented 5 Spaces Citations

5. In-Text Citations Format is Last Name, Date, Page or Paragraph in parentheses. Period follows parentheses. Page is p., Multiple Pages are pp. In event of On-Line source, paragraph is designated by the symbol ¶ or para. – (Smith, 2006, p. 1). Multiple authors are connected by “and” – (Smith, Jones, and White, 2007, p. 1). Subsequent references use “et al.” – (Smith, et al., p. 2). Personal Communications have author’s full name and date – (Joyce F. Smith, personal communication, July 4, 2007). Quotations longer than 40 words are block indented 5 spaces from left, left justified only, double spaced, without quotation marks. The last period is before the citation – Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country. Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country. Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country. Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country. (Smith, 2006, p. 1)

6. Understanding APA 3 Understanding APA “Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country” (Smith, 2006, p. 1). or According to Smith (2006), “Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country” (p.1). Understanding APA 3 Understanding APA “Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country” (Smith, 2006, p. 1). or According to Smith (2006), “Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country” (p.1). TEXT PAGE Exact Title Repeated Paragraphs Indented 5 Spaces Citations Biblical Citations

7. Biblical references that are in the text are spelled out – Romans 1:12. Biblical references in parentheses appear with standard 3 or 4 letter abbreviations – (Rom. 1:12). Year date is not given with in-text citation, but is given on the References page. General comments using Biblical references do not require that the translation be identified, but if a quotation is made the translation should be indicated. Identify in the first citation in the text the version you used, such as (NIV).

8. Understanding APA 3 Understanding APA “Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country” (Smith, 2006, p. 1). or According to Smith (2006), “Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country” (p.1). Understanding APA 3 Understanding APA “Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country” (Smith, 2006, p. 1). or According to Smith (2006), “Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country” (p.1). TEXT PAGE Exact Title Repeated Paragraphs Indented 5 Spaces Citations Biblical Citations Sub-Headings

9. 1 st Order – Centered, Upper and Lower Case Letters, Regular Type (Usually all that are needed in short papers) 2 nd Order – Left Justified, Upper and Lower Case Letters, Italics 3 rd Order – Left Indented, Upper and Lower Case Letters, Italics, ending with period, Text follows on same line -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Understanding APA (Title Repeated 1 st Page Only) The Problem (1 st Order Sub-Heading) Causes (2 nd Order Sub-Heading) Individual Causes. Blah…Blah… (3 rd Order Sub-Heading with text immediately following) Institutional Causes. Blah…Blah…(3 rd Order Sub-Heading with text immediately following) Effects (2 nd Order Sub-Heading) The Solution (1 st Order Sub-Heading) Etc.

10. Understanding APA 3 Understanding APA “Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country” (Smith, 2006, p. 1). or According to Smith (2006), “Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country” (p.1). Understanding APA 3 Understanding APA “Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country” (Smith, 2006, p. 1). or According to Smith (2006), “Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country” (p.1). TEXT PAGE Exact Title Repeated Paragraphs Indented 5 Spaces Citations Biblical Citations Sub-Headings Seriation (Series)

11. Identify elements by a letter within a paragraph or sentence, or by a number at the start of each paragraph in a series. Within a paragraph or sentence, identify elements in a series by lowercase letters (not italicized) in parentheses. Separate paragraphs in a series are identified by an arabic numeral followed by a period, but are not enclosed in or followed by parentheses. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The participant’s three choices were (a) working with another participant, (b) working with a team, and (c) working alone. The participants had the following three choices: 1. Working with another participant… 2. Working with a team… 3. Working alone…

12. Understanding APA 4 References Jones, D.A. (2007). Learning to write. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Smith, G., Davis, E., & Jones, O. (2006). Quality sleep is key to faculty success: Time for a change. Journal of Education, 2 (10), 3-10. Taylor, O.K. (n.d.). How to use writing skills in life. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www.blahblah Understanding APA 4 References Jones, D.A. (2007). Learning to write. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Smith, G., Davis, E., & Jones, O. (2006). Quality sleep is key to faculty success: Time for a change. Journal of Education, 2 (10), 3-10. Taylor, O.K. (n.d.). How to use writing skills in life. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www.blahblah REFERENCES PAGE Double Spaced with Hanging Indent Alphabetical Order by Author Authors are Designated by Last Name and Initials Multiple Authors Connected by &

13. References For Dates, Month & Day Follow Year – (2007, July 4). No Date is Designated – (n.d.). In Titles of Books or Journal Articles, First Word and Proper Names Only are Capitalized. Names of Books and Journals (Including Volume) are in Italics. States use 2 Letter Postal Abbreviations. The Following Cities Only can be Listed Without a State Abbreviation: Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco. On-Line Sources are Designated – Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http//www.blahblah If Necessary, Break On-Line Citations After / or Before Period. For Electronic Sources, [Electronic version] Follows Title.

14. Reference American Psychological Association. (2007). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5 th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Reference American Psychological Association. (2007). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5 th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.