1. Warm-Up
Write a paragraph describing what you know about CPR.

2. First Aid and Emergencies
Lesson 27

3. Objectives
Describe criteria that determine when emergency first aid is needed
Demonstrate the appropriate steps for responding to emergency situations
Define universal precautions and appropriate use
Identify the appropriate steps for responding to life threatening emergencies

4. Terms First Aid: Universal Precautions
Immediate, temporary care given to an ill or injured person until professional medical care can be provided
Universal Precautions
Actions taken to prevent the spread of disease by treating all blood and other body fluid as if they contained pathogens
Wearing protective gloves
Using a mouth piece during breathing emergencies
Washing hands before and after providing first aid

5. Responding to an Emergency
First step in responding to an emergency is recognizing it
Common indicators of an emergency:
Unusual sights, sounds, behaviors, and/or odors
If you find yourself in an emergency, remain calm and follow these steps developed by the American Red Cross
Check, Call, Care

6. First steps to take in an emergency situation.
Check, Call, Care
First steps to take in an emergency situation.

7. Types of Injuries: Open Wounds
Abrasion
Skin scraped against a hard surface
Tiny blood vessels in the outer layers of skin break
Dirt and bacteria can easily enter the site
Especially important to clean the wound
Laceration
Cut caused by a sharp object
Slices through layers of skin
Accompanied by bleeding
Infection may occur if not cleaned
Deep lacerations may damage nerves, large blood vessels and soft tissues
Puncture
Small by deep hole caused by an object that pierces the skin
Does not usually cause heavy external bleeding, however, if the puncture it deep internal bleeding could occur
High risk of infection, including tetanus
Avulsion
Tissue is partly or completely separated from the body
Heavy bleeding
Pack the severed part in ice or ice water, if possible to preserve the issue
Immediately call for professional medical assistance

8. First Aid for Bleeding First put on clean protective gloves
Wash a minor wound with mild soap and running water
DO NOT attempt to clean a severe injury such as an avulsion
Control the bleeding
Cover the wound with sterile gauze or a clean cloth and apply pressure
Elevate the wound above the level of the heart
Cover the gauze with a sterile bandage
Cover the dressing with a pressure bandage and/or use pressure point bleeding control
Call for help!

9. Applying a Pressure Bandage
Place a dressing ove the wound
Secure the roller bandage over the dressing
Use overlapping turns, covering the dressing completely
Secure the bandage
Split the ends into two strips and tie them together over the wound
Make sure the bandage is not so thight that it cuts of all circulation

10. Pressure Point Bleeding Control
Press the main artery against a bone to stop blood supply to the injured area
Used only when absolutely necessary!
Person requiring this is seriously injured and possible in shock
Points at which pressure should be applied

11. Burns Caused by Classified into 3 categories, based upon depth Heat
Figure 26.2 pg 741
Caused by
Heat
Radiation
from sun
Chemicals
Electricity
Classified into 3 categories, based upon depth
Heat burns are most common, chemical and electrical burns require special first-aid procedures (contact the Red Cross for more information on these)

12. Responding to Common Emergencies

13. Muscle Cramps Sudden and painful tightening of a muscle
Can occur when active or at rest
Medications can also cause them
Treatment
Stretch out the affected muscle to counteract the cramp
Massage firmly
Apply moist heat
Get medical help if the cramp persists

14. Strains and Sprains
Strain: injury to a muscle, usually resulting from overuse
Symptoms
Pain
Swelling
Bruising
Loss of movement
Sprain: injury to a ligament, usually resulting from a sudden twisting force
Serious strains and sprains require medical attention, while minor ones can be treated with RICE
R: Rest
Avoid any movements that cause pain
I: Ice
Icing helps reduces the pain and swelling
20 minutes on, 20 minutes off
C: Compression
Light pressure from an elastic wrap
E: Elevation
Raise the affected limb above the level of the heart

15. Fractures and Dislocations
Fracture: break in the bone
Keep the victim still and call 911
If the victim must be moved, keep the fractured area immobilized by securing a splint

16. Unconsciousness
Condition in which a person is not alert and aware of his or her surroundings
Different levels, ranging from drowsiness to coma
Unconscious victim can choke to death because of an inability to cough, clear the throat or react to a blocked airway
Place an unconscious victim in the recovery position

17. Fainting
Occurs then blood supply to the brain is temporarily inadequate
Usually brief
Could be symptomatic of a medical problem, but not necessarily
If you feel faint lie down, or sit with your head between your knees
If someone else faints, position him or her on back, with legs elevated 8 to 12 inches above the heart
If vomiting occurs, place the person in the recovery position to prevent choking

18. Concussion
Jarring injury to the brain that affects normal brain function
Do not move an unconscious victim if you suspect a head injury or concussion
Check the person’s airway, breathing, and circulation
Get professional help
Have a conscious victim lie down
Use first aid for any bleeding
If the victim is unconscious and you do not suspect head or neck injury, place in the recovery position

19. Recovery Position: Figure 28.7 pg 751

20. Animal Bites
Wash the bite area with mild soap and warm water for 5 minutes to remove saliva and foreign matter
Use direct pressure or pressure point bleeding control to stop any bleeding
If wound is swollen apply ice
Cover the wound with a clean dressing or bandage
Most serious consequence is rabies
Viral disease of the nervous system that if left untreated eventually will cause paralysis and death
No cure for rabies after symptoms develop
If vaccinated promptly after being bitten, immunity can be developed before symptoms arrive

21. Nosebleeds Can occur Treatment If the nose is struck
If the mucous membranes in the nose dry out from breathing dry air
Treatment
Keep the person quiet
Walking, talking and blowing the nose may increase breathing
Breathe through the mouth
Site down and lean forward, DO NOT tilt the person’s head back
Could cause person to choke as blood runs down the back of the throat
Use a protective barrier and press on the bleeding nostril for 15 minutes

22. Object in the Eye Do not rub the eye Encourage the person to blink
Try to find the object
Gently pull the lower eyelid down while the person looks up
Pull the upper eye lid up while the person looks down
Touch the object with a moistened cotton swab or corner of a clean cloth
Flush the eye
Tilt the head so the affected eye is lower than the unaffected eye
Hold the eye open with one hand
Pour a steady stream of cool water into the eye, from the inside corner to the outside corner

23. Poisoning Treatment

24. Poison: any substance that causes injury, illness or death when introduced into the body
Approximately 90% of poisonings occur in the home
Over half of these poisonings involve children under 6

25. Types of poisoning
Venom: a poisonous substance secreted by a snake, spider or other creature
Injected into body through a bite or sting
Certain plants or foods can also be poisonous
Gasses or vapors may also be poisonous
Carbon monoxide from hot water heaters or furnaces
Exhaust fumes from automobiles
Fumes from gas or oil burning stoves
Poison Control Center
24 hour hotline that provides emergency medical advice on treating poisoning victims
When calling
Be prepared to give your name, location and phone number
Provide the name of the substance, when it was ingested and the amount involved
Describe the state of the victim, as well as his or her age and weight
Be prepared to follow instructions and answer any questions

26. First Aid for Poisoning
First call 911, then practice these strategies
Swallowed poisons
Call poison control
May be instructed to dilute the poison by drinking milk or water or to induce vomiting
Inhaled poison
Get the person to fresh air
Do not breathe in the fumes
If victim is not breathing, start rescue breathing
Poison on the skin
Remove contaminated clothing
Rinse skin continuously with water for 15 minutes
Rinse with mild soap and water after rinsing for 15 minutes
Rinse again with fresh water
Have someone call 911 while your rinse, if possible
Poison in the eye
Flush eye immediately for 15 minutes
Have victim blink
Call 911
Don’t induce vomiting unless instructed to do so, some poisons can be aspirated into the lungs and cause even more damage, others can burn the esophagus if the victim vomits

27. First Aid for Poisonous Bites and Stings
Snakebite
20 venomous snakes in the US
Usually not fatal, however a bite can cause sever pain, loss of function, and rarely the loss of a limb
Insect Bites and Stings
Move to a safe area to avoid further harm
Remove the singer by scraping it with a firm, sharp-edged object
Wash with mild soap and water
Apply cold compress
If bitten by a venomous spider, or if victim shows trouble breathing, call 911 immediately
Figure 28.2 pg 758 for snakebite first aid

28. First Aid for Poisonous Plants
85% of Americans will develop an allergic skin reaction if exposed to poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac
Symptoms:
Blistering
Swelling
Burning
Itching
Fever
First defense is to recognize and avoid them
Flush affected areas with water and then wash with soap and water
Use calamine lotion to relieve itching