1. 1 Operating the Power Grid: Current Scenario and Challenges Ahead V. K. AGRAWAL General Manager SRLDC, Bangalore 8 th November, 2006

2. 2 PRESENTATION OVERVIEW  REGIONAL GRIDS IN INDIA – QUICK FACTS REGIONAL GRIDS IN INDIA – QUICK FACTS  SOUTHERN REGIONAL GRID – AN OVERVIEW SOUTHERN REGIONAL GRID – AN OVERVIEW  GRID CONTROL - ISSUES & CARDINAL EVENTS GRID CONTROL - ISSUES & CARDINAL EVENTS  POWER SECTOR - THRUST AREAS & ISSUES POWER SECTOR - THRUST AREAS & ISSUES  SR GRID – PROJECTS IN PROGRESS SR GRID – PROJECTS IN PROGRESS

3. 3 REGIONAL GRIDS QUICK FACTS

4. 4 SOUTHERN REGION WESTERN REGION EASTERN REGION NORTHERN REGION NORTH- EASTERN REGION INSTALLED CAPACITY NORTHERNNORTHERN :- 34,207 MW EASTERNEASTERN :- 16,478 MW SOUTHERNSOUTHERN :- 36,921 MW WESTERNWESTERN :- 37,100 MW NORTH-EASTERNNORTH-EASTERN :- 2,404 MW TOTAL 127,110 MW REGIONAL GRIDS

5. 5 Inter Regional Links – Current Capacity 2700 MW 1200MW 2000MW 1200 MW 900 MW 33,782 MW 16,680 34,867 MW 36,031 MW 2433 1850 MW 1650 MW Present IR Capacity = 11,500 MW

6. 6 11850 MW 1200 MW 6050 MW 5500 MW 1400 MW 6150 MW 36,700 MW OF INTER- REGIONAL POWER BY 2012 EASTERN REGION SOUTHERN REGION WESTERN REGION NORTHERN REGION NORTH- EASTERN REGION INTER-REGIONAL TRANSFER BY END OF 11 th PLAN (2012) 4000 MW

7. 7 TRANSMISSION VOLTAGE OWNERSHIPTOTAL CENTRALSTATE Circuit Kilometer + 500 kV HVDC 4,3721,5045,876 765 kV charged at 400 kV 9174091,326 400 kV40,85422,60763,461 220 kV9,22098,521107,741 132 kV*2,15293,12695,278 Total57,515216,167273,682 EHV Infrastructure

8. 8 UTTARANCHAL

9. 9 Ministry of Power, Govt of India MOP, State Govt. Central Sector Companies Generating Utilities- NTPC, NHPC, NEEPCO, NPCIL Transmission Utility- POWERGRID APEX BODY -RLDC Finance-PFC Rural Electrification- REC Authorities CEA R&D CPRI, NPTI, PSTI Mega IPPs State Sector Generation Transmission Distribution State IPPs CERC SERC Appellate Tribunal Trading Co. Pvt. DISCOM Indian Power Sector - Institutional Framework

10. 10 INDIAN POWER SECTOR - HIERARCHICAL SET UP AND TYPICAL FUNCTIONS CEA CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY UNDER CENTRAL GOVT.,POWER MINISTRY PLANNING, SPECIFYING TECHNICAL STANDARADS, PROMOTE RESEARCH AND MEASURES FOR ADVANCING THE SKILLS AND ASSISTING & ADVISING THE GOVT CERC CENTRAL ELECTRICITY REGULATORY COMMISSION CENTRAL REGULATOR CENTRAL GOVT. RPC REGIONAL POWER COMMITTEE (FORMERLY REB) – ONE AT EACH REGION COMMITTEE FOR FACILITATING THE INTRGRATED OPERATION IN THE REGION CTU RLDC REGIONAL LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE – APEX BODY – TO ENSURE INTEGRATED OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM IN THE REGION CGS CENTRAL GENERATING STATIONS CENTRAL STATIONS HAVING GENERATION CAPACITY ALLOCATED TO DIFFERENT STATES ON LONG TERM BASIS SERC STATE GOVT. IPP CENTRAL TRANSMISSION UTILITY TO UNDER TAKE TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY THROUGH ISTS AND ITS PLANNING, COORDINATION, DEVELOPMENT AND TO PROVIDE NON- DISCREMENATORY OPEN ACCESS CPP SGC STU SLDC DISCOMS CONSUMERS STATE ELECTRICITY REGULATORY COMMISSION STATE GENERATING STATIONS OWNED BY GENCO’S/SEB’S INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCERS CAPTIVE POWER PLANT STATE TRANSMISSION UTILTY RESPECTIVE TRANSC’S/SEB STATE LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE DISTRIBUTION COMPANIES – FORMED AFTER UNBUNDLING

11. 11 ALL INDIA MARKET COMPOSITION (1,27,110 in 2006) AS on 31-07-06

12. 12 Source wise composition of installed capacity in India ( 1,27,110 in 2006) AS on 31-07-06

13. 13 ALL INDIA GENERATION COMPOSITION Total Market Size = 587.4 BU Total Installed Capacity 1,27,110 MW

14. 14 Sector wise consumption of electricity in India Total Installed Capacity 1,27,110 MW

15. 15 SOUTHERN REGIONAL GRID OVERVIEW

16. 16 SOUTHERN REGION – GEOGRAPHY ANDHRA PRADESH TAMIL NADU KARNATAKA KERALA POPULATION :- 22.5 CRORES ( 22% OF INDIA) AREA :- 651 (‘000 SQ KM)(19% OF INDIA) INSTALLED CAPACITY:- 36,921 MW(29.0%) WEATHER :- South-west monsoon North-east monsoon SEA COAST :- AROUND 4000 KM

17. 17 SR STATES – POWER SYSTEM STATISTICS ANDHRA PRADESH INSTALLED CAPACITY – 8944 MW MAX DEMAND MET – 8241 MW DAILY CONSUMPTION MAX – 171 MU DAILY CONSUMPTION AVG – 142 MU CONSUMER PROFILE – INDS -27%, DOM-22%, COMM- 5%, IRRI-39% & OTHERS-7% KARNATAKA INSTALLED CAPACITY – 6180 MW MAX DEMAND MET – 5612 MW DAILY CONSUMPTION MAX – 125 MU DAILY CONSUMPTION AVG – 95 MU CONSUMER PROFILE – INDS -26%, DOM-19%, COMM- 7%, IRRI-39% & OTHERS-9% KERALA INSTALLED CAPACITY – 2284 MW MAX DEMAND MET – 2602 MW DAILY CONSUMPTION MAX – 41 MU DAILY CONSUMPTION AVG – 34 MU CONSUMER PROFILE – INDS -34%, DOM-44%, COMM- 13%, IRRI-2%& OTHERS-7% TAMIL NADU INSTALLED CAPACITY – 10015 MW MAX DEMAND MET – 8371 MW DAILY CONSUMPTION MAX – 166 MU DAILY CONSUMPTION AVG – 135 MU CONSUMER PROFILE – INDS -39%, DOM-25%, COMM- 7%, IRRI-24% & OTHERS-5%

18. 18 ANDHRA PRADESH POPULATION :- 7.6 CRORES AREA :- 275 (‘000 SQ KM) NO OF CONSUMERS :- 162 LAKHS PER CAPITA CONS. :- 719 UNITS MAIN AGRICULTURE CROP :- RICE CLIMATIC CONDITION :- HOT AND HOT & HUMID SR STATES – GEOGRAPHY KARNATAKA POPULATION :- 5.3 CRORES AREA :- 192 (‘000 SQ KM) NO OF CONSUMERS :- 105 LAKHS PER CAPITA CONS. :- 642 UNITS MAIN AGRICULTURE CROP :- COFFEE & RAGI CLIMATIC CONDITION :- HOT AND HOT & HUMID KERALA POPULATION :- 3.2 CRORES AREA :- 39 (‘000 SQ KM) NO OF CONSUMERS :- 61 LAKHS PER CAPITA CONS. :- 386 UNITS MAIN AGRICULTURE CROP :- COCONUT & SPICES CLIMATIC CONDITION :- HUMID TAMIL NADU POPULATION :- 6.2 CRORES AREA :- 130 (‘000 SQ KM) NO OF CONSUMERS :- 152 LAKHS PER CAPITA CONS. :- 866 UNITS MAIN AGRICULTURE CROP :- SUGAR CANE & OIL SEEDS CLIMATIC CONDITION :- HOT AND HOT & HUMID

19. 19 INSTALLED CAPACITY IN SR SUMMARY OF INSTALLED CAPACITY(MW) AS ON 31.07.2006 AGENCYHYDROTHERMALGAS/DIESELWIND/OTHERSNUCLEARTOTAL ANDHRA PRADESH 358729632722---6824 KARNATAKA 338914701284---4991 KERALA 1835---2352---2072 TAMILNADU 2137297042319---5549 PONDICHERRY --- 32--- 32 CENTRAL SECTOR ---8090360---8809330 IPP 27838731494309---8123 TOTAL 11226 (30%) 15880 (43%) 4599 (13%) 4336 (12%) 880 (2%) 36921 (100%)

20. 20 SOURCE-WISE INSTALLED CAPACITY OF SR All Figures In MW TOTAL 36,921 MW HYDRO THERMAL WIND/OTHERS NUCLEAR NAPTHA/GAS/DIESEL

21. GENERATING UNITS IN SOUTHERN REGION A.P KAR TNKER GENERATORS ABOVE 1000 MW GENERATORS 500 – 1000 MW GENERATORS BELOW 500 MW TYPICAL GENERATOR SPREAD IN SR UNIT CAPACITYAPKARKERTNCGSTOTAL THERMAL (500 MW) 2810 THERMAL (200-250 MW) 107131545 GAS/THERMAL (100-150 MW) 9231024 HYDRO (>50 MW) 2729161587 TOTAL 48381938165 - HYDRO - THERMAL - GAS / NAPTHA - NUCLEAR

22. CPP/IPP PLANTS IN SOUTHERN REGION A.P KAR TNKER Station NameI/C in MW Variable Cost (Ps) TATA ELECTRIC79.1390 JINDAL260280 THANNEERBAVI220500 Station NameI/C in MW Variable Cost (Ps) KASARGOD PCL22470 BSES157560 KUTHUNGAL21--- MANIYAR12--- KAYAMKULAM360580 Station NameI/C in MW Variable Cost (Ps) HITEC15 TCPL63.5 GMR VASAVI196444 SAMALPATTY105474 ST-CMS250161 P P NALLUR330.5550 ABAN11388 MADURAI POWER106456 ARKAY38 Station NameI/C MW Variable Cost (Ps) SIMHADRI1000104 BSES220168 VEMAGIRI PGL233 SPECTRUM208104 JEGURUPADU EXT. 220 JEGURUPADU216102 LANCO355125

23. 23 LOAD 500-1500 MW LOAD 200-500 MW TYPICAL LOAD SPREAD IN SR

24. KHAMMAM VIJAYAWADA NAGARJUNASAGAR GAZUWAKA HYDERABAD RAICHUR GOOTY HOODY SALEM UDUMALPET TRICHUR MADURAI TRICHY MADRAS NEYVELI CUDDAPAH DAVANAGERE RAMAGUNDAM BANGALORE MUNIRABAD P P P P P P P P P P P P P P KOLAR 63 HOSUR 1 60 P NELLORE NELAMANGALA KURNOOL KALPAKKA SIMHADRI HIRIYUR TALAGUPPA MAMIDIPALLY SRI SAILAM -- OF NTPC -- OF ANDHRA PRADESH -- OF TAMIL NADU -- OF NLC -- OF POWERGRID 400KV SUB-STATIONS IN SR NEYVELI TPS I (EXP) POWERGRIDSTATEOTHERSTOTAL AP 89219 KAR 65112 KER 2 2 TN 6 129 TOTAL 2215542 TRIVENDRUM NARENDRA VEMAGIRI GMR JEGRUPADU EXTN MEHA BOOB NAGAR CHITTOOR -- OF NPC KAIGA MYSORE -- OF KARNATAKA ALMATHI

25. 25 TRANSMISSION IN SOUTHERN INDIA ABOUT 3000 CKM OF 400 KV LINES ADDED IN THE PAST 2 YEARS VOLTAGE LEVELAPKARKERTNCGS TOTAL 400 KV26801616 1090515201 220/230 KV1027478392692653836627709 132/110 KV123606060372010220 32360 TOTAL25314155156412167581127175270

26. 26 TYPICAL LOAD CURVE OF SR WINTER MONSOON SUMMER EVENING PEAK CONSUMPTION

27. 27 GRID CONTROL ISSUES & CARDINAL EVENTS

28. 28 GRID OPERATION – TYPICAL ISSUES IN PAST LOW / HIGH FREQUENCY PROBLEMS –FREQUENCY EXCURSES TO LOW/HIGH VALUES LOW / HIGH VOLTAGE OPERATION –CRITICALLY LOW VOLTAGES AT LOAD CENTRES –SUBSTANTIALLY HIGH VOLTAGES AT FAR ENDS SYSTEM BROWNOUTS / BLACK OUTS –SEPERATION OF SYSTEMS / LOSS OF LOAD ECONOMIC IN-STABILITY / INCREASED ELECTRICAL LOSSES –UNRELIABLE / INEFFICIENT OPERATION OF EQUIPMENT

29. 29 GRID OPERATION – PRESENT STATUS  STABILISED SYSTEM FREQUENCY STABILISED SYSTEM FREQUENCY  IMPROVED VOLTAGES IMPROVED VOLTAGES  MERIT ORDER OPERATION MERIT ORDER OPERATION  INTER REGIONAL EXCHANGES INTER REGIONAL EXCHANGES  IMPROVED GRID SECURITY IMPROVED GRID SECURITY

30. 30 GRID PRESENT STATUS -- CARDINAL EVENTS AVAILABILITY BASED TARIFF UNIFIED LOAD DESPATCH SCHEME GENERATION ADDITION INTERREGIONAL AC / HVDC LINKSINTERREGIONAL AC / HVDC LINKS SHORT TERM OPEN ACCESS OPERATIONAL EXELLANCE ABTUI ULDC

31. 31 Components of inter-utility tariff (Pre – ABT Mechanism) COMPOSITE TARIFF COMPRISING OF :  Fixed charges  Interest on loans  Depreciation  O & M charges  Return on equity  Interest on Working Capital  Energy charges (fuel cost)  Surcharge & other levies

32. 32 Components under Availability Based Tariff (ABT) TARIFF CONSISTS OF MAINLY THREE COMPONENTS :  Capacity charges  Energy charges  Unscheduled Interchange (UI)

33. 33 UI RATE Rate of Unscheduled Drawal/Injection Frequency (Hz)Rate (p/u) Above 50.50 50.0150 49.8210 49.0 and below570

34. 34 UI - A RATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC VECTOR  BALANCING MARKET  MERIT ORDER OPERATION  TRANSPARENCY  NEUTRALITY  SIMPLICITY  PRICE SIGNAL EASILY AVAILABLE  NO NEED TO NEGOTIATE ANY PRICE  EASY SETTLEMENT  EASY TO UNDERSTAND AND IMPLEMENT  EASE OF REGULATION

35. 35 RTU SUB LDC SLDC ERLDC WRLDCNRLDCSRLDCNERLDC NLDC 32 Nos. 51 Nos. 1160 Nos. Unified Grid Operation 5 Nos. National Level Regional Level State HQ Level Group / Distt Level Plant / Sub- Station Level

36. 36 RLDC,Bangalore KalamasseryHyderabad Bangalore Chennai Cuddapah Warangal Vijayawada Kalam’erry Kannur Trivandrum Chennai Erode Madurai Bangalore Lingusugur Hubli CPCC SCC, Pondy Hyderabad Hierarchy of The ULDC Scheme in Southern Region Andhra KeralaTamilnaduKarnataka

37. 37 Southern Region Grid Complexities in Monitoring & Control Annual Inter- Regional Energy Transfer ≈10,000MU Transformers (220kV and above) 480 nos. Installed Capacity ≈36031 MW Integrated Opn of Ten Power Utilities Dynamic Grid Conditions Generators – Hydro, Thermal,Gas/IP P 422 nos. Transmission Network 400/220kV ≈ 40700 Ckm 30,000 POINTS Active Power, Reactive Power, Voltage, Frequency, Transformer Tap Position, Circuit Breaker Position, Isolator Position etc Transformati on Capacity ≈ 45000 MVA

38. 38 GROWTH OF INSTALLED CAPACITY OF SR IN MW

39. 39 KADAMPARAI PUMP OPERATION GENERATOR MODE PUMP

40. 40 KADAMPARAI ENERGY GENERATED/PUMPED DURING LAST 5 YEARS (MU) MONTHS 2001-022002-032003-042004-05 *2005-06 GENERATOR MODE PUMP MODE GENERATOR MODE PUMP MODE GENERATOR MODE PUMP MODE APRIL 0.13.935.040.026.035.00.02.6 MAY 0.01.437.043.041.048.029.645.7 JUNE 1.06.429.045.055.035.045.351.2 JULY 27.56.947.049.050.049.079.062.3 AUGUST 21.48.854.055.0 41.049.525.0 SEPTEMBER 11.08.636.048.030.025.040.815.2 OCTOBER 19.518.526.015.00.0 46.945.1 NOVEMBER 17.916.723.024.00.0 64.159.2 DECEMBER 20.320.549.053.00.0 70.062.5 JANUARY 18.439.044.058.00.0 72.092.9 FEBRUARY 14.039.021.0 0.0 53.355.6 MARCH 5.732.06.018.00.0 30.937.9 TOTAL 156.7201.8407.0469.0257.0233.0581.4555.3 Note: The plant was under shutdown from 16th Sep 2004 to 28th April 05 for dam maintenance works.

41. 41 KADAMPARAI ENERGY GENERATED/PUMPED DURING LAST 5 YEARS (MU)

42. 42 LOW DEMAND(VALLEYS) SHARP PEAKS 0000 HRS OF 01 SEP 06 29 AUG 0630 AUG 0631 AUG 06

43. 43 GENERATING UNITS PARTICIPATION IN PRIMARY RESPONCE SHARAVATHI -1 FREQ DROP FROM 49.72 HZ TO 49.27 HZ i.e. ~ 0.45HZ

44. 44 TRAINING ON ULDC SYSTEM SLNAME OF THE TRAININGFROMTOParticipantsMan Days 1CISCO ROUTER & NETWORKING19-01-200424-01-200417102 2XA-21 USER LEVEL23-02-200428-02-20041060 3RTNA WORKSHOP29-03-200431-03-20041442 4AIX OPERATING SYSTEM17-05-200422-05-20041590 5XA-21 USER LEVEL21-06-200425-06-2004630 6SYBASE DATABASE ADMIN22-11-200404-12-200419228 7XA-21 USER LEVEL21-02-200523-02-2005721 8NMS TRAINING13-06-200518-06-20051484 9RTU TRAINING27-02-200603-03-20061470 10JAVA FOR SCADA ENVIRONMENT24-04-200629-04-20061696