2.  The ___________________is the smallest basic unit of matter  Atoms cannot be seen without an ____________________________  It would take more than a trillion years to count all the atoms in a grain of sand!!! ATOM ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

3.  There are ______________parts to an atom: Subatomic particle ChargeLocation _________PositiveNucleus _________NeutralNucleus _________ElectronSurrounding nucleus proton neutron electron 3

4.  An ___________________is one particular type of _______________, and it cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means.  Gold  Aluminum  Helium ELEMENT ATOM

5. ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________  In __________________, there are SIX very important elements:  nitrogen  carbon  hydrogen  oxygen  phosphorous  sulfur LEARN THEM USING THIS MNEMONIC NCHOPS ALL ORGANISMS

6.  The number of protons determine the _______________of an element – this # NEVER changes!!!  Carbon: 6 protons  Oxygen: 8 protons  The number of _______________determine the chemical properties of an element – this # CAN change!!!  Carbon: 6 electrons, _____on OUTSIDE  Oxygen: 8 electrons, _____ on OUTSIDE  The number of neutrons can also change IDENTITY PROTONS 4 6

8. # of protons (p), also number of electrons (e-) Mass of element; # of protons and neutrons (n) REALLY IMPORTANT – ALL ELEMENTS ARE ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL – WHY???

9.  Using your table, find:  Atomic number of H ______  Atomic mass of S______  Number of electrons in N_______  Atomic number of Calcium_______  Number of protons in element #8_______

10.  Atoms are not found alone in nature because they are not chemically stable  What does this mean?  Energy levels and “happiness” 8 e-s 2 e-s N Nucleus

11.  A compound is a substance made of atoms of different ELEMENTS bonded together  Result from either sharing or transferring electrons to become stable  The atoms in a compound are bonded in a specific ratio  The characteristics of the compound are VERY different than the properties of the elements that make them up – NaCl  http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ionic+and+cov alent+bonds&qs=n&form=QBVR&pq=ionic+and+cova lent+bonds&sc=8-24&sp=- 1&sk=#view=detail&mid=FC661AB5D4927AD1FDD7F C661AB5D4927AD1FDD7 http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ionic+and+cov alent+bonds&qs=n&form=QBVR&pq=ionic+and+cova lent+bonds&sc=8-24&sp=- 1&sk=#view=detail&mid=FC661AB5D4927AD1FDD7F C661AB5D4927AD1FDD7

12.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_M9khs8 7xQ8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_M9khs8 7xQ8

13.  IONIC BONDS are formed through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions  Opposites attract!  Ex: Salt aka sodium chloride (NaCl)  Positive sodium (Na + )  Negative chloride (Cl - )

14.  Ions are atoms that have gained or lost one or more ELECTRONS.  Remember, atoms do this to have stable outer energy levels.  Results in a change in electrical charge  Gain e - becomes NEGATIVE  Lose e - becomes POSITIVE  “PLANG”

15.  Not all atoms easily gain or lose their electrons!  Some atoms SHARE their electrons instead!  COVALENT Bond: forms when atoms share a pair of electrons  Usually a very strong bond  Atoms may have several covalent bonds to share several electrons

16.  Molecule: two or more atoms held together by COVALENT bonds  Ex: carbon dioxide (CO 2 )  Carbon atoms needs 4 electrons to fill outer level, oxygen needs two  Carbon shares with 2 oxygen!

18.  Life depends on hydrogen bonds in water.  Many compounds dissolve in water.  Some compounds form acids or bases.

19. Organisms’ bodies, (their _____________), are made up of mostly ____________________ The water in cells gives the cell _______________ and ___________________ materials within organisms. All of the processes necessary for an organism’s life take place within the ______________________________ of the cell

20. 1.______________________ 2. ______________________ 3. ______________________

21. Negative Charge Positive Charge Water is a “______________” molecule Form when atoms in a molecule have ____________ pulls on the _____________ they share. Opposite charges of polar molecules can interact to form ____________________ bonds. An attraction between a slightly _______________ hydrogen atom and a slightly ______________ atom. (Usually _______________________________) Hydrogen bonds are part of the structures of _______________ and of ______________ Shared Electrons

22. Hydrogen bonds give water an abnormally ____________________________. Water __________________ changes in temperature because it must _____________ more ____________________ to increase in temperature.

23. Cohesion : the attraction among __________________ of the same substance. Cohesion from hydrogen bonds makes water molecules _____________________. Cohesion produces __________________, ( “skin on water” )

24. Adhesion : the attraction among __________________ of ______________ substances. For example, water molecules stick to other things. Water in a test tube, (water is attracted to the ____________)

25. Materials such as ________________ and ____________ cannot be transported form one part of an organism to another unless they are dissolved in blood, plant sap, or other water based fluids. ______________: Mixture of a substance that is the same throughout. ___________: Substance that is present in the greater amount and dissolves another substance. ___________: Substance that dissolves in a solvent.

26. Some compounds form ______________ or _____________ because they _______________ into _______________ when they dissolve in ___________. BASE : Compounds that remove H+ ions from a solution ACID: Compounds that release a proton - a hydrogen ion(H+) – when it dissolves in water

27. 1.How do polar molecules form hydrogen bonds? 2. What determines whether a compound will dissolve in water? 3. Compare acids and bases. 4. How do polar molecules differ from non-polar molecules? How does this difference affect their interactions? 5. Describe an example of cohesion or adhesion that you might observe during your daily life.

28.  Carbon can form many various ___________ to form  Carbohydrates  Proteins  Nucleic acids  Lipids

29.  Building large molecules (_________) from smaller ones (__________) Several step process

30. Both are _____________

33.  This __________ carries out a reaction between the two monomers ___________ ___________: Joins two molecules together by REMOVING _______ AKA: condensation reaction

34. ________ H2OH2O

35. REMEMBER, DIMER MEANS ________!

36.  The enzyme can carry out numerous dehydration synthesis reactions until a macro ___________ is created  EX: ______________ Each one of these monomers is ___________

37. You better believe it!

38.  Process called ____________. “ __________” means water “ __________” means to split or loosen This enzyme works by _________ water to a polymer General process name: depolymerization turning polymers back into monomers

39. ENZYME H2OH2O

40. What was previous a dimer is now two ______________ again

41. ____________________

42.  Each subunit of a complete carbon- based molecule is called a  A is a large molecule, or macromolecule, made of many monomers bonded together  Monomers of a polymer may be the same (ex. Starches)  Or different (proteins)

43. COMPOUNDBUILDING BLOCK (POLYMER)(MONOMER) PROTEIN AMINO ACID LIPID (FAT)FATTY ACID CARBOHYDRATESUGARS NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEOTIDE

44.  Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon,, and oxygen  Include sugars & starches  Can be broken down to provide useable energy for cells  Major part of plant cell structure  The most basic carbs are simple sugars,  Polysaccharides are of monosaccharides

45.  Proteins are the most varied of the carbon- based molecules in organisms  Have a role in movement, eyesight, digestion,etc  A protein is a polymer made of monomers called amino acids  are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur  Organisms use 20 different amino acids to build proteins  The body makes 12 of the 20, the other 8 come from food

46.  Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol  Contain chains of carbon bonded to oxygen & hydrogen  Energy storage  Phospholipids make up _____________________  ________________ are chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms.  Saturated fatty acids have single carbon-carbon bonds (solid @ room temp)  Unsaturated fatty acids have double carbon- carbon bonds (liquid @ room temp)

48. MAJOR ___________ ___________ MOLECULE IN CELL. ENERGY IN __________________ AND __________ AND _____________________ MUST BE TRANSFERRED TO ATP IN CELL TO BE USED.

49.  Detailed instructions to build proteins are stored in extremely long carbon-based molecules called nucleic acids  ____________________ are polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides HAVE ALL INFO NEEDED TO MAKE __________. “_______________” OF LIFE. BUILDING BLOCKS OF _____________. TWO TYPES: ________ AND _______.

50. 1.What is the relationship between a polymer and a monomer? 2. Explain how both nucleic acids and proteins are polymers. Be sure to describe the monomers that make up the polymers. 3. How are carbohydrates and lipids similar? How are they different? 4. Explain how the bonding properties of carbon atoms result in the large variety of carbon-based molecules in living things?

51.  Bonds & during chemical reactions  Plant/Animal cells break down sugars to get usable energy  Cells build protein molecules by bonding amino acids together  Chemical reactions change substances into different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds

52.  are the substance changed during a chemical reactions  Oxygen (O 2 ) & Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )  are the substances made by a chemical reaction  Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) & Water (H 2 O) 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O

53.  Energy is __________ to break bonds in molecules  Energy is ___________ when bonds are formed needed released

54.  Generous chemical RXNs that release more energy than they absorb  = reaction  Excess energy is the difference in bond energy between the reactants and products  Excess energy is often released as heat or light Cellular respiration releases usable energy for your cells & heat!

55.  Greedy chemical RXNs that absorb more energy than they release  = reaction In photosynthesis, plants absorb energy from sunlight and use that to make sugars and carbohydrates

56.  Some energy must first be absorbed by the reactants in ANY chemical reaction  The amount of energy needed will vary  is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start  Push a rock up a hill

57. 1.Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) breaks down into water (H 2 O) and oxygen (O 2 ). Explain why this is a chemical reaction. What are the reactants and the products in the reaction? 2. How does energy related to the formation and breaking of bonds? 3. How do endothermic and exothermic reactions differ?

58.  To start a chemical RXN, activation energy is necessary  The reaction may happen very slowly  Reactants may not interact enough, may not be high enough concentration  Activation energy & rate of a chemical reaction can be changed by a chemical catalyst  A catalyst is a substance that _______________ the activation energy needed to start a reaction  Also increases the ________ of the reaction

60.  _____________ are catalysts for reactions in living things  Lower the activation energy  Increase the rate of the reaction  Do not effect chemical equilibrium Does not change the direction of the reaction  Almost all enzymes are  Depend on their structure to function correctly  Conditions such as temperature and pH can affect the function

61.  An enzyme’s structure is vital because their shape allows only certain reactants to bind to the enzyme  The specific reactants that an enzyme acts on are called substrates  Substrates bind to enzymes at specific places called  Substrates exactly fit the active sites of enzymes, like a key exactly fits a lock  This is why if an enzyme’s structure changes, it may not work

63. 1.How does a catalyst affect the activation energy of a chemical reaction? 2. Describe how the interaction between an enzyme and its substrates changes a chemical reaction. 3. Some organisms live in very hot or very cold acidic environments. Would their enzymes function in a person’s cells? Why or why not? 4. Suppose that the amino acids that make up an enzyme’s active site are changed. How might this change affect the enzyme?