1. A History of Western Society Tenth Edition
John P. McKay ● Bennett D. Hill
John Buckler ● Claire Haru Crowston
Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks ● Joe Perry
A History of Western Society Tenth Edition
CHAPTER 12
The Crisis of the Later Middle Ages, 1300–1450
Amended by A. PLAZA
Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

2. OMITTED FROM ASSIGNED READING.
Prelude to Disaster
OMITTED FROM ASSIGNED READING.
A. Climate Change and Famine
1.The Little Ice Age (1300–1450)
2. Great Famine (1315–1322): led to increased prices, malnutrition & increased susceptibility to disease.
B. Social Consequences
1. Abandonment of Villages and Declining Population
2. Scapegoats
3. Governmental Responses
I. Prelude to Disaster
A. Climate Change and Famine
1.The Little Ice Age (1300–1450) — Evidence found in tree rings, pollen in bogs and glacier records — led to the Viking colony in Greenland dying out completely.
2. Great Famine (1315–1322) — Torrential rains destroyed crops — led to increased prices, malnutrition, and increased susceptibility to disease and lower productivity.
B. Social Consequences
1. Abandonment of Villages and Declining Population
2. Scapegoats — Anger directed on rich, speculators, lepers and Jews, because of role in money-lending and pawn-broking.
3. Governmental Responses — Were ineffective. Attempts to prevent sale of grain abroad, condemnations of speculation, price control, and famine relief all proved ineffective.

3. II. The Black Death
KQ: How did the spread of the plague shape European society?
A. Pathology = science of the origin, nature & course of diseases.
1. Yersinia Pestis = bacillus
2. Pneumonic Transmission
3. Effects on the Body a) b) c)
II. The Black Death
A. Pathology
1. Yersinia Pestis — The culprit behind the plague (a bacillus that normally affects rats but is transmitted by flea bites).
2. Pneumonic Transmission — The disease is normally transmitted by flea bites, but in the pneumonic transmission, it was spread through coughing and sneezing.
3. Effects on the Body — The bubo (a growth the size of an apple or a nut in the armpit, groin, or neck) that, if not lanced and drained, would lead to black blotches under the skin, violent coughing, then spitting up of blood and death.
B. Spread of the Disease
1. From China to Europe — First emerged in southwest China, which was then part of the Mongol Empire. It traveled across Central Asia via rats in the Mongol caravan routes. Reached the Genoese colony of Kaffa on the Black Sea in From Kaffa, Genoese ships brought it to Italy, from which it moved to France, Germany, Spain, and by ship, to England, Scandinavia, and the Baltic ports.
2. Spread Within Cities — Filthy sanitation and close living quarters meant ideal breeding grounds for rats.
3. Mortality Rates — Approximately 1/3 of the European population was killed in the first wave of infection. Subsequent waves from the 1360s to 1400 claimed additional lives, but not with the same virulence, in part because of improved standards of hygiene and enforced quarantine measures.

4. Spread of Plague (Black Death)
Bacillus _ _
Rodents
Spread by insects: _
Jumps to _
Humans spread plague by _ & _

5. B. Spread of the Disease 1. Arrived from China to Europe via? a) b)
2. Spread Within Cities because conditions were ideal:
a) sanitary conditions –
b) housing –
c) urban construction -
3. Mortality Rates:
a) in Europe =
b) In Florence =
History Teachers Karaoke:

8. II. The Black Death C. Care of the Sick 1. Remedies
Air treatments =
Isolation =
In Muslim areas =
Plants =
Extraction of _
2. Care by the Clergy
a) Priests, monks, nuns cared for the sick & buried the dead, suffering especially high casualties in _ & _
3. Escape
a) Wealthy fled to _
b) unintended effects =
c) Cities responded by _
II. The Black Death
C. Care of the Sick
1. Remedies — Rid the air and the body of “poisons,” ringing church bells, firing cannons, medicines from plants, magical letter and number combinations (cryptograms).
2. Care by the Clergy — Was exemplary; as a result, the mortality rate of priests, monks, and nuns were staggeringly high.
3. Escape — Wealthy individuals often fled the cities and some cities tried to shutter the gates to prevent infected people and animals from coming in. The result, in some instances: some sick and dying individuals were not cared for at all.

10. Have the students discuss this image of a plague hospital and what it shows about how medieval people treated plague victims.
1. What facilities are available to plague victims?
(Answers: they have beds and women to attend them. There is no indication of any medicine. The four women representing virtues are prudence, temperance, fortitude and justice.)
2. What seems to be the cure for the plague?
(Answer: virtues are the cure.)
3. If virtues cure the plague, what causes it?
(Answers: lack of virtue, sin.)
4. From this painting, how did medieval people think of the plague as a disease?
(Answers: the plague destroys the body, but caused by sin. It is a sign of God’s judgment. Can only be treated by turning to virtue. Diseases often have spiritual causes, not physical causes.)

11. Source: http://www. economist

12. Bocaccio, The Decameron (1350) Sources of Western Society, 12-1.
What events does Bocaccio describe?
What is his perspective?
What tone does his narrative take?

13. II. The Black Death
KQ: How have interpretations of the impact of the plague changed?
D. Economic, Religious, and Cultural Effects
1. Increased Productivity – Ex. England.
2. Upward Mobility in the Guilds - Ex. Florence.
3. Inflation caused by high mortality:
a) Fall in _  Shortage in _  Rise in _
b) Labor shortage empowered workers who could _
c) Mobility increased for _ & _ due to demand for labor.
4. Religious Responses
a) increased piety among Christians & Muslims b/c:
b) extreme penance performed by _
c) scape-goating of _
II. The Black Death
D. Economic, Religious, and Cultural Effects
1. Increased Productivity — Many parts of Europe had suffered from overpopulation; population losses led to increased productivity by restoring the balance between labor, land, and capital.
2. Upward Mobility in the Guilds — So many young persons died that many guilds had to recruit new individuals and organize production on a larger scale.
3. Inflation — Price of food increased (production fell) but so too did wages (labor shortages meant that workers could demand better wages).
4. Religious Responses — Many individuals believed that God was punishing them for their sins. The most extreme group, the Flagellants, whipped and scourged themselves as penance. Others looked for scapegoats, most notably the Jews, who were accused of poisoning wells. Others became morbidly fascinated with death (dance of death — depicting a dancing skeleton leading away living persons).
5. New Universities — Many new institutions were founded as a result of the shortage of priests and the decay of learning.

14. ----- Meeting Notes (9/10/13 08:50) -----

15. 5. New Universities
Endowments increased to open new colleges to address:
a) Shortages of educated _
b) Decay of _
International character of medieval culture declined as new schools became more _
Effect: paved the way for the fragmentation of _ Church.

16. III. AIM: The Hundred Years’ War ( ) KQ: What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War, and how did the war affect European politics, economics, and cultural life?

17. 1. Disagreements over Royal Land Rights
A. Causes
1. Disagreements over Royal Land Rights
a) 1152: Eleanor of Aquitaine married Eng. King.
b) 1259: Treaty of Paris affirmed Eng. rule
2. Succession Dispute
a) After last Capetian King Charles IV (d.1328) heirless b) Sister Isabella married English king & had Edward III
c) French assembly of nobles cited Salic Law
d) Philip VI (Valois) succeeded throne & confiscated _
3. Divisions led to civil wars
a) Burgundians supported _
b) Scottish supported _
4. Propaganda:
a) English claimed the war was fought for _
b) Clergy in both countries gave sermons to boost _
III. The Hundred Years’ War
A. Causes
1. Disagreements over Royal Land Rights — Aquitaine entered into the holdings of the English crown when Eleanor of Aquitaine married King Henry II of England in According to the Treaty of Paris (1259), Henry III became a vassal of the French crown in return for an affirmation of English claims to Aquitaine. Later French kings, however, were expansionist and wanted to absorb the region into France.
2. Succession Dispute — Who would inherit the French throne after Charles IV of France died childless in Charles had a sister and her son was Edward III, king of England. An assembly of French nobles, however, declared that “no woman nor her son could succeed to the (French) monarchy,” claiming that this was part of Salic Law, a 6th century code of the Franks and passing the throne to Philip VI of Calais (r. 1328–1350). Philip confiscated the duchy of Aquitaine (though Edward III had paid homage to him), prompting the war.
3. French Nobility Divided — Some supported the French crown, others supported the English to thwart the centralizing ambitions of the French crown. (The Scottish supported the French and Scottish troops raided northern England and joined with the French on the continent.)
4. Economic Reasons — The wool trade between Flanders and England was affected (Flanders was a fief of the French crown, but the Flemish merchants depended on English wool and supported the English). In addition, criminals, poor knights, and great nobles stood to be rewarded financially by fighting — by sharing in the loot and plunder.
B. English Successes
1. Initial English Successes — The French fleet was almost completely destroyed when it attempted to land in England, English longbowmen and the use of cannon created panic in the French forces.
2. Further English Successes (1415–1419) — Battle of Agincourt (a larger French force was defeated) and the English reconquered Normandy.

18. 5. Economic Reasons
a) Flemish burghers depended on English wool to side w. _
b) wages/ spoils for knights or nobles.
c) criminals could expect to obtain _
d) Jean Froissart noted the looting & _ English invaders perpetrated in France.
B. English Successes
First French naval invasion ended with _
2. Initial English Successes – Edward III
1346 – Crécy (Longbows & cannons)
1356 – Poitiers (Fr. King captured by Edward Black Prince)
2. Further English Successes (1415–1419) by Henry V (d. 1422)
1415 – Agincourt led to reconquest of Normandy.
1419 – Henry married Fr. King’s daughter & his son would inherit both thrones, but his _ left his plans uncertain.
1429 – Orléans besieged

20. 1.

21. 2.

22. 3.

23. 4.

24. C. Joan of Arc and France’s Victory
1. Joan of Arc b – peasant/ “la pucelle”
a) 1428: voices spoke to her
i) dauphin (Charles VII) must be crowned
ii) English must be expelled [Sources, 12-6]
b) July 1429: Following victories, _ crowned in Reims
2. Capture and Trial
a) 1430 by _
b) Sold to _
c) Abandoned by _
d) Tried for _
e) Verdicts = _ (1431) & retrial (1456) found her _
f) 1920: the Catholic Church _ her St. Joan of Arc.
3) KQ: Why was a teenage girl relying on “voices” such a powerful force in turning around French history?
III. The Hundred Years’ War
C. Joan of Arc and France’s Victory
1. Joan of Arc — An obscure French peasant girl and virgin who revived French military fortunes and led to victory. Heard voices telling her that the dauphin (the uncrowned King Charles VII) had to be crowned and that the English had to be expelled.
2. Capture and Trial — Although Charles was crowned King, he refused to ransom Joan when she was captured by the Burgundian allies of the English. She was turned over to the English, who put her on trial for heresy and she was burned at the stake in Rouen. (A new trial in 1456 was held by the Pope, who cleared her of all charges and declared her a martyr.)
3. Ultimate French Victory — The Burgundians switched sides, the French reconquered Normany and finally ejected the English from Aquitaine.
D. Aftermath
1. Havoc in England and France — The rural economy of many parts of French had been devastated. England spent and lost more than 5 million pounds on the war, and personal fortunes were squandered.
2. Technology and the Nation State — Cannons rendered stone castles vulnerable — since only central governments could afford cannons, the military power of national states was strengthened vis-à-vis the nobility.
3. Representative Assemblies — Parliaments met more frequently and increased their power, since the monarchs were depended on the parliaments of nobles to raise money.
4. Nationalism — Strengthened in both countries.

25. 3. Ultimate French Victory resulted from: a) _ switched sides in the war b) toll in costs mounted for Eng. c) English opposition to war from _

26. D. Aftermath 1. Havoc in England and France a) Toll in lives = b) farms = c) peasant grievances resulted from _ d) trade disrupted. e) _ raised, which hurt exports. f) spoils acquired = g) law enforcement officers were missing because they _ 2. Technology and the Nation State a) Development of artillery & cannons had consequences: i) ii)

27. Siege of the Castle of Mortagne, Late 15th century
KQ: What strategic military advantage did the English possess?

28. 3. Representative Assemblies flourished in _ ,_ & _ a) In England nobles, knights, urban residents met to deliberate & agree to pay taxes in 37/50 years of Edward’s reign! b) 1341: Edward III acknowledged that the king could not tax w/o Parliament’s consent. c) Long-term implications for England: d) Fr. Did not develop a single assembly b/c of: i) Regional identities, ex. _, _, _ ii) Distances iii) Jealousy of regional assemblies. iv) Royal reluctance: kings hesitated _ 4. Nationalism a) Grew stronger in Eng. & Fr. Following _ b) Joan expressed this unity by demanding French rid English enemies from _

29. IV. Challenges to the Church
KQ: What challenges faced the Christian Church in the fourteenth century, and how did church leaders, intellectuals, and ordinary people respond?

30. A. The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism
a) Philip the Fair pressured Clement V to _
b) Positive developments: reforms to _ & _
c) Atmosphere of Luxury impacted papacy by _
3. The Great Schism (1377–1417)
a) Gregory XI returned to:
[See Catherine of Siena’s Letter in Sources, 12-5.]
b) Succeeded by Urban VI who attempted stern reforms.
c) Clement VII elected b/c:
i. Western Christendom divided for _ reasons.
ii. Impact on faith & church?
IV. Challenges to the Church
A. The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism
1. Babylonian Captivity — The period when the popes lived in Avignon (1309–1376), after Philip the Fair pressured the new but gravely ill pope, Clement V, to settle permanently in southern France.
2. Atmosphere of Luxury — The Avignon popes concentrated on bureaucratic matters at the expense of spiritual objectives.
3. The Great Schism (1377–1417) — The papacy was divided between Roman popes and French popes following a disputed papal election in European powers aligned with the two popes (Clement VII and Urban) along strictly political lines. Support for the French Pope: Scotland, Aragon, Castile, Portugal. Support for the Italian Pope: England, Holy Roman Empire.

31. Avignon Papal Palace

33. B. Critiques, Divisions, and Councils 1. William of Occam (1289–1347)
a) Saw Avignon papacy & called popes _
b) church & state should be _
c) Argued for limited govt powers & accountability to:
d) He questioned Aquinas’ connection bet. _ & _
2. Marsiglio of Padua (1275–1342)
a) Church & state rapport = ?
b) Church should be ruled by _
3. Conciliarists argued church could be reformed by _
4. John Wyclif (1330–1384) and the Lollards
a) Christian standard of belief & practice = _
b) rejected papal claims to _
c) encouraged Christians to read _
d) Lollards called so b/c:
e) Lollard teaching allowed women to _
f) Their ideas spread to Europe, particularly in _
B. Critiques, Divisions, and Councils
1. William of Occam (1289–1347) — An English philosopher and friar who witnessed the papal court at Avignon firsthand and subsequently argued vigorously against the papacy and questioned the connections between faith and reason developed by Aquinas.
2. Marsiglio of Padua (1275–1342) — Argued that the church should be subordinate to the state and was excommunicated as a result.
3. Conciliarists — Believed that a council of clergy should share power with the papacy and that an elected council should be supreme.
4. John Wycliffe (1330–1384) and the Lollards — Wycliffe, an English scholar, argued that Scripture alone should be the standard of Christian belief and practice and that papal claims of secular power had no foundation in the scriptures. His followers were known as Lollards (from a Dutch word for “mumble”).

34. a) learned about Wyclif’s ideas in Prague b) three tenets:
5. Jan Hus (1372–1415)
a) learned about Wyclif’s ideas in Prague
b) three tenets:
i. Denied _ authority
ii. Translated _
iii. Deemed _ (acquired for forgiveness of sins) useless
c) gained followers out of Czech _ & opposition to _ in Church
d) Hussites formed an army & defeated the combined forces of the _ & _
5. Jan Hus (1372–1415) — A Bohemian reformer influenced by Wycliffe who criticized the church’s wealth and attacked the issuing of indulgences.

36. 6. Resolution of the Schism a) Council of Pisa (1409) failed b/c:
b) Council of Constance ( ) called by German Emperor Sigismund to: 1- 2- 3-
c) en route Jan Huss was:
d) 1417: Martin V elected, thus ending the Great Schism.
e) Much needed reforms, however, were ignored.
6. Resolution of the Schism — Following an unsuccessful attempt to resolve the Schism at the Council of Pisa (1409) which merely led to the establishment of a third pope, the emperor Sigismund forced the convening of a council in Constance (1414–1418) to end the schism, reform the church, and wipe out heresy. Jan Hus was invited to the council, promised a safe return and burned at the stake for heresy. The new pope, Martin VI (r. 1417–1431) proceeded to dissolve the council and neglected to take up the cause of reform.

38. IV. Challenges to the Church
C. Lay Piety and Mysticism
1. Lay Piety – forms?
2. Confraternities – activities?
3. Brethren and Sisters of the Common Life
a) Dutch origins
b) inspired by Thomas à Kempis
c) activities?
4. Mystical Experiences
Brigid of Sweden = visionary & counselor
IV. Challenges to the Church
C. Lay Piety and Mysticism
1. Lay Piety — Grew in importance as the moral failings of the clergy and the Great Schism weakened the mystique of the clergy.
2. Confraternities — Voluntary lay groups (often without the leadership of a priest) organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood or charitable activities expanded rapidly. They specialized in prayer but also raised money to clean and repair church buildings.
3. Brethren and Sisters of the Common Life — Pious laity in Holland who lived in stark simplicity to carry out the Gospel mission of feeding the hungry, clothing the sick, and visiting the sick. Thomas a Kempis — Dutch monk who wrote The Imitation of Christ, which urged Christians to take Christ as their model.
4. Mystical Experiences — Bridget of Sweden (1303–1373) — a noblewoman who journeyed to Rome after the death of her husband and saw visions and give advice on the basis of those visions.

39. V. Social Unrest in a Changing Society
KQ: How did economic and social tensions contribute to revolts, crime, violence, and a growing sense of ethnic and national distinctions?

40. b) Response by peasants = _ c) Action by French armies = _
A. Peasant Revolts
1. Flanders (1320s)
a) Causes = _ & _
b) Response by peasants = _
c) Action by French armies = _
2. Jacquerie (1358)
a) Causes =
b) Peasant violence & urban revolts: give examples.
c) Suppression by _
3. English Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
a) L-T Causes: cash rents vs. manorial obligations, rising wage expectations/ Statute of Laborers (1351)
b) Spark: reimposition of tax on adult males (1380)
c) Actions by tax-resisters:
d) Outcome = Richard II met leaders, agreed to charters ensuring peasant freedom, then _
V. Social Unrest in a Changing Society
A. Peasant Revolts
1. Flanders (1320s) — Flemish peasants had to pay taxes to the French to satisfy peace agreements and monasteries pressed peasants for additional money. Peasants burned and pillaged castles and aristocratic homes, but the rebellion was crushed by a French army and savage reprisals followed.
2. Jacquerie (1358) — Uprising of the French peasantry, after the costs of the Hundred Years’ War fell disproportionately on the poor (nobles killed, their families were attacked). The upper class united to put down the revolt.
3. English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) — Peasants demanded higher wages and fewer manorial obligations (labor supply had shrunk) — in 1351, the Lords passed the Statute of Laborers, freezing wages and binding workers to their manors. The reimposition of a tax on all adult males triggered the uprising. The boy-king, Richard II, tricked the leaders of the uprising with false promises and then ferociously crushed the uprising. However, the nobility was not successfully in restoring the labor obligations of serfdom and serfdom disappeared by 1550.

42. b. Guilds reacted to competition by restricting membership to: i.
B. Urban Conflicts
1. Roots of Revolt
a. Divisions in craft guilds resulted from new method of production. EXPLAIN new production strategy by craft masters.
b. Guilds reacted to competition by restricting membership to: i.
ii. Resentment over economic issues led to _
2. “Honor” Uprisings
a. Gendered (“male”) workplace developed in 14thC.
b. Restrictions placed on women’s work by guilds for:
i. wives, daughters, and women domestic servants.
V. Social Unrest in a Changing Society
B. Urban Conflicts
1. Roots of Revolt — In the 14th century, a new capitalist system evolved to make products on a larger scale (larger than those of the craft guilds). This increased the divisions within guilds between wealthier and poorer masters and journeymen, and income and status sank for some. The guilds sometimes opened up membership but more often than not they limited membership to existing guild families. (Journeymen who were not masters’ sons would never become masters themselves.)
2. “Honor” Uprisings — Workers refused to perform tasks they regarded as beneath them.

43. Illustration of Christine de Pizan writing reproduced from her manuscripts.

48. a) Who was prohibited from marrying? b) Benefits for women =
C. Sex in the City
1. Late Age of First Marriage due to the belief that couples needed _ _ prior to marriage.
a) Who was prohibited from marrying?
b) Benefits for women =
c) Impact of single young males in cities = _ & _
2. Prostitution: regulated in cities
3. Rape: capital offense, but burden of proof was heavy;
a) women most interested in:
4. Homosexuality:
a) “same-sex” relations became a capital offense;
b) yet they occurred in what contexts: _ & _
c) not a marginal practice in Florence.
V. Social Unrest in a Changing Society
C. Sex in the City
1. Late Age of First Marriage — In late medieval Northern and Western Europe, women entered marriage as an adult and immediately took charge of running a household. The result — less dependency on husbands and in-laws and fewer pregnancies. For men, marriage often took place in mid- to-late 20s (journeymen, apprentices, and students were forbidden from marrying).
2. Prostitution — (Flourished with so many unmarried men) municipal authorities sought to regulate this by setting up houses or red-light districts outside the city walls or away from respectable neighborhoods. Most prostitutes — poor women or were sold into prostitution by their parents because of heavy debts.
3. Rape — Upper-class women were protected, but no attempt to protect female servants or day laborers from rape or seduction (within a narrow window after the attack, victims had to prove that they had cried out and attempted to repel the attacker).
4. Homosexuality — A capital crime in most of Europe (but that so few executions took place indicates that the practice was more widespread).
D. Fur-Collar Crime
1. Noble Bandits — With the end of Hundred Years’ War, many knights lost their employment, even as their chivalric code demanded an aristocratic lifestyle. They stole from rich and poor, demanded that peasants pay “protection money,” kidnapped travelers, and intimidated witnesses.
2. Robin Hood — Folk legends from late medieval England that describe the struggle against fur bandits and aristocratic oppression.

51. D. Fur-Collar Crime
1. Noble Bandits:
a) stole to maintain their lifestyle,
b) extorted “protection money”;
c) held prisoners for ransom.
2. Robin Hood: collection of folk legends popular b/c:

52. E. Ethnic Tensions and Restrictions
1. Ethnic Diversity and Colonization
a) migration was common for 3 reasons = _, _ & _.
- English >
- Germans, French, Flemings 
- Southern French 
2. Legal Dualism:
a) ex. Prussian & Polish frontier
b) counter-example: English discrimination in Ireland
+ Free vs. Unfree differed in their rights (1210)
+ The “unfree” _ lacked basic legal rights due to their birth.
V. Social Unrest in a Changing Society
E. Ethnic Tensions and Restrictions
1. Ethnic Diversity and Colonization — Townspeople were usually long-distance immigrants and ethnically different from surrounding population (Eastern Europe — German was the language of the towns, in Ireland, French).
2. Legal Dualism — Native peoples remained subject to their traditional laws, while newcomers brought the laws of the country from which they came. (The exception — Ireland, since the entire Irish population was unfree).
3. “Purity of the Blood” — Some attempts were made to maintain ethnic purity and prohibit intermarriage (Ireland).
F. Literacy and Vernacular Literature
1. Dante’s Divine Comedy (1310–1320) — Made sophisticated use of the vernacular to describe hell, purgatory, and paradise. It contains some bitter criticism of church authorities.
2. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (1387–1400) — A collection of stories in lengthy rhymed narrative that present a rich panorama of English social life.
3. Spread of Lay Literacy — The response to the needs of a more complex society. The number of schools increased, laymen gradually rose into the higher ranks of governmental administration, positions formerly held by clerics.

53. 3. “Purity of the Blood” – concept that developed in latter Middle Ages a) Efforts emerged to prevent intermarriage & ethnic discrimination i. Ex. Statute of Kilkenny (1366): 3 elements? b) chroniclers referred to different groups as gens (race or clan) or natio (species, stock or kind) c ) references to “blood” made ethnicity heritable d) religious diffs. also associated w/ having Muslim/ Christian/Jewish blood. e) when colonial empires grew, notions of blood also developed into racial categories.

54. F. Literacy and Vernacular Literature 1
F. Literacy and Vernacular Literature 1. Dante’s Divine Comedy (1310–1320) a) composed where? b) guide = c) author tours? d) criticizes? 2. Tension in the work: a) profoundly Christian in inspiration b) Dante does not hesitate to criticize church authorities. QFT: What does this suggest about Christian attitudes toward the Catholic Church?

55. 2. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (1387–1400) a) Chaucer’s job was _ b) Stories are about _ c) What do they reveal about society?
Chaucer’s Wife of Bath

56. 3. Spread of Lay Literacy
14th C. wills demonstrated more & more people owned _
Children in Eng., Flanders, Germany increasingly went to _
Laymen served as managers, stewards, clerks
Girls went to convent schools
15th c. invention of printing press attests to demand for _