1. Viable halophilic microorganisms in deep ancient salt deposits Helga Stan-Lotter 1, Sergiu Fendrihan 2 1 University of Salzburg, Austria; 2 Romanian Bioresource Centre, Bucharest, Romania

2. Microbial life in subterranean halite Significance for astrobiology carbon cycle, storage of transuranian waste and CO 2 Alpine deposits, Carpathian rock salt, Others Survival over geological times?

3. Swakopmund salterns (Namibia)

5. Locations of several Alpine Permo-Triassic salt deposits and salt mines, some of them abandoned, in Austria and Southern Germany. Salt deposits are depicted in red. 

6. Permian salt layers (salt mine in Berchtesgaden, Germany), ca. 250 million years old

10. Bore cores from salt sediments (600 m below surface)

11. Haloarchaeal colonies on salt agar diameter of colonies: ca. 1 cm

12. Halococcus salifodinae DSM 8989 T (found in Alpine and Zechstein deposits) Halococcus dombrowskii DSM 14522 T Haloarchaeal isolates from Permo-Triassic salt

13. Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1 (left); Halobacterium noricense DSM 15978 T, an isolate from Alpine Permian salt (right), which was found also in the WIPP site, Carlsbad, USA; bars, 1000 nm

14. Natronobacterium, Natrinema, Haloterrigena Uncultured haloarchaea Halobacterium Halococcus Haloferax Uncultured haloarchaea Halorubrum

15. Location of the Praid salt mine Active salt mines in Romania

17. Extraterrestrial halite SNC-Meteorites (from Mars; Shergotty, Nakhla Chassigny) Murchison meteorite (from asteroid belt) Monahans meteorite (from asteroid belt) salt pools on the surface of Mars ocean on the Jovian moon Europa Enceladus (moon of Saturn) geysirs. Red and blue sodium chloride crystals in the Monahans meteorite. Each picture is 1 mm in width.

18. Haloarchaea embedded in halite crystals How might haloarchaea survive in ancient salt sediments ? Pre-stained cells of Hbt. salinarum in halite fluid inclusions. Low magnification (left) and high magnification of an individual fluid inclusion (right)

19. Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1 normal growth: rods (A); after embedding in fluid inclusions: spheres (B – G) Reduction of water activity (a w ) leads to formation of spheres, provided multiple genomes are present (Zerulla & Soppa, 2014)

20. Astrobiology: Viable haloarchaea survived geological times periods in ancient salt sediments, possibly in a stable resting state (spheres) Carbon interactions: Halococcus species and maybe other haloarchaea are present in the oceans; a RuBisCo-like gene is present in haloarchaea, but CO 2 fixation has not been clarified. Clues from ancient communities? Other aspects: usage of salt deposits/mines as storage for transuranian waste, also CO 2 was proposed - thus, it is mandatory to study properties of indigenous halophilic communities Significance