1. Biodiversity and Endangered Species

2. Chapter Overview Questions How do scientists account for the development of life on earth? What is biological evolution by natural selection, and how can it account for the current diversity of organisms on the earth? How can geologic processes, climate change and catastrophes affect biological evolution? What is an ecological niche, and how does it help a population adapt to changing the environmental conditions?

3. Chapter Overview Questions How do extinction of species and formation of new species affect biodiversity? What is the future of evolution, and what role should humans play in this future? How did we become such a powerful species in a short time?

4. Chapter Overview Questions How have human activities affected the earth’s biodiversity? How should forest resources be used, managed, and sustained globally and in the United States? How serious is tropical deforestation, and how can we help sustain tropical forests? How should rangeland resources be used, managed, and sustained?

5. Chapter Overview Questions What problems do parks face, and how should we manage them? How should we establish, design, protect, and manage terrestrial nature reserves? What is wilderness, and why is it important? What is ecological restoration, and why is it important? What can we do to help sustain the earth’s terrestrial biodiversity?

6. Chapter Overview Questions How do biologists estimate extinction rates, and how do human activities affect these rates? Why should we care about protecting wild species? Which human activities endanger wildlife? How can we help prevent premature extinction of species? What is reconciliation ecology, and how can it help prevent premature extinction of species?

7. ___________ OF LIFE ________years of _______ change to form the first cells, followed by about ________years of ________ change. Figure 4-2

8. __________ Evolution This has led to the ________ of species we find on the earth today. Figure 4-2

9. Modern humans (Homo sapiens) appear about 2 ________ before midnight Recorded human history begins about 1/4 second before midnight Origin of life (_______ billion years ago) Age of mammals Age of reptiles Insects and amphibian s invade the land First fossil record of animals Plants begin invading land Evolution and expansion of life

10. How Do We Know Which __________ lived in the Past? __________ _________ analysis Ice ______ drilled out of buried ice ______ analysis. Figure 4-6

11. EVOLUTION, NATURAL SELECTION, AND ADAPTATION Biological evolution by ________ ________ selection involves the _________ in a population’s ________ makeup through successive ____________. – genetic variability – _____________: random changes in the structure or number of ______ molecules in a cell that can be inherited by offspring.

12. Hybridization and Gene Swapping: other Ways to Exchange Genes New species can arise through ____________. – Occurs when individuals to _____ distinct ________ crossbreed to produce an _______ offspring. Some species (mostly ___________) can exchange genes without ________ reproduction. – Horizontal gene transfer

13. _______ on Adaptation through Natural Selection A population’s ability to ________ to new environmental conditions through natural selection is limited by its ________and how fast it can _______________. – ___________ have a relatively slow generation time (decades) and output (# of young) versus some other species.

14. Common _________ about Evolution through Natural Selection Evolution through natural selection is about the most descendants. – Organisms do _____ develop certain _______ because they need ________. – There is no such thing as genetic __________.

15. __________ PROCESSES, _________ CHANGE, CATASTROPHES, AND EVOLUTION The movement of solid _________plates making up the earth’s surface, __________ eruptions, and ___________ can wipe out existing species and help form new ones. – The _________ of continents and oceanic basins influence __________. – The movement of continents have allowed species to ________.

16. Fig. 4-8, p. 89 135 million years ago Present 65 million years ago 225 million years ago

17. Climate Change and Natural Selection __________ in climate throughout the earth’s history have shifted where ________ and _______ can live. Figure 4-9

18. Catastrophes and Natural Selection ___________ and ___________ hitting the earth and upheavals of the earth from geologic processes have _______ out large numbers of species and created evolutionary ____________ by natural selection of new species.

19. SPECIATION, EXTINCTION, AND BIODIVERSITY ____________: when a new species forms A new species can arise when member of a population become isolated for a long period of time which is called _________ ___________. – Genetic makeup changes, preventing them from producing fertile offspring with the original population if reunited which is called __________ ____________.

20. ____________ Isolation …can lead to ____________ isolation, divergence of gene pools and speciation. Figure 4-10

21. HUMAN IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY We have ________ and ___________ some of the earth’s biodiversity and these threats are expected to ____________.

22. Fig. 10-2, p. 192 Alteration of natural chemical cycles and energy flows Indirect Effects Loss of Biodiversity Climate change Human Population Size and resource use Human Activities Agriculture, industry, economic production and consumption, recreation Changes in number and distribution of species Pollution of air, water, and soil Degradation and destruction of natural ecosystems Direct Effects

23. Why Should We _______ About Biodiversity? ____ Value: For the usefulness in terms of ________ and _________ services. _________ Value: existence, _________, bequest for ________ generations. Figure 9-6

24. Fig. 10-4, p. 193 Support energy flow and chemical cycling Reduce soil erosion Absorb and release water Purify water and air Influence local and regional climate Store atmospheric carbon Provide numerous wildlife habitats Forests Natural Capital Fuelwood Lumber Pulp to make paper Mining Livestock grazing Recreation Jobs Economic Services Ecological Services

25. Types of Forests __________ forest: ______ or _______ forest that has not been seriously disturbed for several ________ years. – ___% of world’s forest. – Hosts many species with ____________ niches. _______ - role of an organism in a community especially in regard to food consumption Figure 10-2

26. Types of Forests ____________ forest: a stand of trees resulting from natural __________ succession. ________ plantation: planted stands of a particular tree species. Figure 10-3

27. Fig. 10-10, p. 225 Decreased soil fertility from erosion Runoff of eroded soil into aquatic systems Premature extinction of species with specialized niches Loss of habitat for native species and migratoryspecies such as birds and butterflies Regional climate change from extensive clearing Release of CO 2 into atmosphere Acceleration of flooding Natural Capital Degradation Deforestation

28. Harvesting Trees Building roads into previously inaccessible forests paves the way for ____________, ____________, and ______________. Figure 10-5

29. Harvesting Trees Trees can be harvested _________ from diverse forests (___________ cutting), an _______ forest can be cut down (_______ cutting), or _______ of the forest is harvested (e.g. ______ cutting). Figure 10-6

30. Fig. 10-6a, p. 222 (a) Selective cutting

31. Fig. 10-6b, p. 222 (b) Clear-cutting

32. Fig. 10-6c, p. 222 Uncut (c) Strip cutting Stream Uncut Cut 3–10 years ago Dirt road Cut 1 year ago

33. Harvesting Trees Effects of ______-cutting in the state of Washington, U.S. Figures 10-8 and 10-7

34. Fig. 10-8, p. 223 Higher timber yields Maximum profits in shortest time Can reforest with fast- growing trees Short time to establish new stand of trees Needs less skill and planning Good for tree species needing full or moderate sunlight Disadvantages Reduces biodiversity Disrupts ecosystem processes Destroys and fragments wildlife habitats Leaves large openings Increases water pollution, flooding, and erosion on steep slopes Eliminates most recreational value Trade-Offs Clear-Cutting Forests Advantages

35. Fig. 10-16, p. 230 Identify and protect forest areas high in biodiversity Grow more timber on long rotations Rely more on selective cutting and strip cutting Stop clear-cutting on steep slopes Cease logging of old-growth forests Prohibit fragmentation of remaining large blocks offorest Sharply reduce road building into uncut forest areas Leave most standing dead trees and fallen timber for wildlife habitat and nutrient recycling Certify timber grown by sustainable methods Include ecological services of forests in estimating their economic value Plant tree plantations on deforested and degraded land Shift government subsidies from harvesting trees to planting trees Sustainable Forestry Solutions

36. _______ and ______ of Forest Fires Depending on their intensity, fires can _______ or _______ forests. – Burn away ______________ ground material. – Release valuable ____________nutrients. Figure 10-9

37. Solutions: _________ Over Fire Management To reduce fire damage: – Set _______ surface fires. – Allow fires to burn on ______ lands if they don’t threaten life and property. – Clear small areas _______ property subject to fire.

38. Solutions: Controversy Over Fire Management In ________, U.S. Congress passed the ________ ________ __________ _____: – Allows timber companies to cut ________ and ______ trees in 71% of the national forests. – In return, must clear away smaller, more _________ trees and underbrush. – Some forest scientists believe this could _______ severe fires by removing fire ________ trees and leaving highly flammable slash.

39. ___________over Logging in U.S. National ________ There has been an ongoing ________ over whether U.S. national forests should be primarily for: – _________. – _____________. – ___________. – ______ of these uses.

40. Fig. 10-14, p. 202 Helps meet country’s timber needs Cut areas grow back Keeps lumber and paper prices down Provides jobs in nearby communities Promotes economic growth in nearby communities Trade-Offs Provides only 4% of timber needs Ample private forest land to meet timber needs Has little effect on timber and paper prices Damages nearby rivers and fisheries Recreation in national forests provides more local jobs and income for local communities than logging Decreases recreational opportunities DisadvantagesAdvantages Logging in U.S. National Forests

41. CASE STUDY: _________________ DEFORESTATION Large areas of ___________ and ___________ important tropical forests are being ________ and __________ at a fast rate. Figure 3-11

42. CASE STUDY: TROPICAL DEFORESTATION At least ______ of the world’s terrestrial ______ and _______ species live in tropical rain forests. Large areas of tropical forest are ________ to make way for ________ ranches and _______. Figure 10-15

43. Solutions: Reducing Demand for Harvest Trees Tree harvesting can be reduced by ________ less wood and making paper and charcoal fuel from ______ that do not come from trees. – _________ is a promising plant for paper production. Figure 10-1

44. _________ Forests in a ___________ Economy Timber from tree plantations in __________ and __________ countries is decreasing the need for timber production in the U.S. – This could help preserve the ____________ in the U.S. by decreasing pressure to ________ old- growth and ________-growth forests. – This may lead to ________ land owners to ______ less profitable land to developers. – Forest _____________policy will play a key role.

45. Why Should We ______ about the Loss of Tropical Forests? About ______ of the ______ plants identified by the National Cancer Institute as sources of _______-fighting chemicals come from tropical forests. Figure 9-7

46. Fig. 7-7a, p. 196 Rauvolfia Rauvolfia sepentina, Southeast Asia Tranquilizer, high blood pressure medication

47. Fig. 9-7b, p. 196 Foxglove Digitalis purpurea, Europe Digitalis for heart failure

48. Fig. 10-18c, p. 205 Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia, Pacific Northwest Ovarian cancer

49. Fig. 9-7d, p. 196 Cinchona Cinchona ledogeriana, South America Quinine for malaria treatment

50. Fig. 9-7e, p. 196 Rosy periwinkle Cathranthus roseus, Madagascar Hodgkin's disease, lymphocytic leukemia

51. Fig. 9-7f, p. 196 Neem tree Azadirachta indica, India Treatment of many diseases, insecticide, spermicide

52. Fig. 10-20, p. 207 Protect most diverse and endangered areas Educate settlers about sustainable agriculture and forestry Phase out subsidies that encourage unsustainable forest use Add subsidies that encourage sustainable forest use Protect forests with debt-for-nature swaps and conservation easements Certify sustainably grown timber Reduce illegal cutting Reduce poverty Slow population growth Restoration Reforestation Rehabilitation of degraded areas Concentrate farming and ranching on already-cleared areas Solutions Sustaining Tropical Forests Prevention

53. Kenya’s _______ Belt Movement: Individuals Matter ________ Maathai founded the _______ _____ Movement. The main goal is to organize ______ women to plant (for fuelwood) and _____ millions of trees. In 2004, awarded _______ _______ _________ Figure 10-1

54. MANAGING AND SUSTAINING GRASSLANDS Almost half of the world’s livestock graze on _________ grasslands (________) and __________ grasslands (__________). We can sustain rangeland productivity by controlling the number and distribution of livestock and by restoring degraded rangeland.

55. MANAGING AND SUSTAINING GRASSLANDS ___________ (left) occurs when ____many animals _____ for too ____ and exceed _______ _______ of a grassland area. Figure 10-20

56. MANAGING AND SUSTAINING GRASSLANDS Example of _________ area along the San Pedro River in Arizona after 10 years of _________ grazing and off-road vehicles. Figure 10-21

57. Case Study: Grazing and Urban Development in the ________West Ranchers, ecologists, and environmentalists are joining together to ___________ the grasslands on cattle ranches. – _________ ranchers conservation _________ (barring future owners from development). – Pressuring government to ______the _______ to prevent development of ecologically sensitive areas.

58. __________________ Countries have established more than ________ national parks, but most are __________ by human activities. – ________ people __________ park for wood, cropland, and other natural ___________. – Loggers, miners, and wildlife poachers also ___________ natural resources. – Many are too _________ to sustain large-animal species. – Many suffer from __________ species.

59. Case Study: Stresses on U.S. National Parks _____________ due to popularity. _________ (private ownership) within parks _______ natural _________. _____ pollution. Figure 10-23

60. Fig. 10-24, p. 239 Integrate plans for managing parks and nearby federal lands Add new parkland near threatened parks Buy private land inside parks Locate visitor parking outside parks and use shuttle buses for entering and touring heavily used parks Increase funds for park maintenance and repairs Survey wildlife in parks Raise entry fees for visitors and use funds for park management and maintenance Limit the number of visitors to crowded park areas Increase the number and pay of park rangers Encourage volunteers to give visitor lectures and tours Seek private donations for park maintenance and repairs National Parks Solutions

61. NATURE RESERVES Ecologists call for protecting more land to help sustain __________, but powerful _________ and _________ interests ________ doing this. – Currently _____ of earth’s land area is ________. – Only ____ is strictly ________ from harmful _________ activities. – Conservation biologists call for ____ protection of at least _____ of earth’s land area representing ________ examples of all _________.

62. NATURE RESERVES Large and medium-sized reserves with ______ ______ help _________ biodiversity and can be connected by corridors.  _____ ______has consolidated its parks and reserves into ___ ____________ designed to sustain ____ if its biodiversity. Figure 10-26

63. Fig. 10-B, p. 213 Cordillera Volcanica Central Pacific Ocean Costa Rica Caribbean Sea Nigaragua Panama La Amistad Llanuras de Tortuguero Guanacaste Arenal Bajo Tempisque Peninsula Osa Pacifico Central

64. ___ hotspots identified by ecologists as ___________ and ____________ centers of biodiversity. Figure 10-27

65. Case Study: The U.S. Endangered Species Act Biodiversity hotspots in relation to the largest concentrations of ______ and potentially __________ species in the U.S.

66. Top Six Hot Spots 1 Hawaii 2 San Francisco Bay area 3 Southern Appalachians 4 Death Valley 5 Southern California 6 Florida Panhandle Concentration of rare species High Low Moderate

67. ________________ Definition: _______ of different species.

68. _________________: _________ of ________ species and their relative ___________ in a given area.

69. ________________: __________ in the ________ makeup of organisms of a species that allow the species to _________ and gain a competitive __________

70. __________________: The ________ of forests, deserts, grasslands, oceans, lakes, etc.

71. _____________ of Diversity ___________- stable environment Genetic __________- genetic diversity _________- medicines Agricultural- _____ Industrial- building ______; things we use ____________- experimental; new technology _____________- beautiful __________ what should we do regarding the environment __________- religious beliefs regarding environment

72. ______________: Lights Out Extinction occurs when the population ________ _______ to changing environmental conditions.  The golden toad of Costa Rica’s Monteverde cloud forest has become extinct because of changes in climate. Figure 4-11

73. Tertiary Bar width represents relative number of living species EraPeriod Species and families experiencing mass extinction Millions of years ago Ordovician: 50% of animal families, including many trilobites. Devonian: 30% of animal families, including agnathan and placoderm fishes and many trilobites. 500 345 Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Extinction Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic Triassic: 35% of animal families, including many reptiles and marine mollusks. Permian: 90% of animal families, including over 95% of marine species; many trees, amphibians, most bryozoans and brachiopods, all trilobites. Carboniferous Permian Current extinction crisis caused by human activities. Many species are expected to become extinct within the next 50–100 years. Cretaceous: up to 80% of ruling reptiles (dinosaurs); many marine species including many foraminiferans and mollusks. Extinction Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous 250 180 65 Extinction QuaternaryToday

74. Effects of Humans on Biodiversity The scientific consensus is that _______ activities are ___________ the earth’s _________.

75. Fig. 4-13, p. 94 Marine organisms Terrestrial organisms Number of families Millions of years ago Quaternary Tertiary Pre-cambrian Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Jurassic Devonian Permian Cretaceous

76. History of Extinctions Extinctions have ________ long before humans had an influence However: ________________ Species

77. The __________ extinction crisis is the first to be _______ by a ________ species- US!. This is happening faster than ever; a few _________ versus _________ to __________ of years. Humans are eliminating not only the _________ but, the ___________. Ex. Tropical rainforest

78. ____________- __________ disappearance of a ________ from the earth. Ex: Dinosaurs VOCABULARY:

79. SPECIES EXTINCTION Species can become extinct: – __________: A species is no longer found in an area it once inhabited but is still found elsewhere in the world. – ____________: Occurs when so few members of a species are left they no longer play its ecological role. – ________________Species is no longer found on the earth.

80. Global Extinction Some animals have become __________ extinct because of ______ activities. Figure 9-2

81. Endangered and Threatened Species: Ecological Smoke Alarms __________ species: so ____ individual survivors that it could ______become _______. __________ species: still abundant in its natural range but is _______ to become _______ in the near _____.

83. Grizzly bear Kirkland’s warbler Knowlton cactus Florida manatee African elephant Utah prairie dog Swallowtail butterfly Humpback chub Golden lion tamarin Siberian tiger

84. Fig. 11-3, p. 224 Hawksbill sea turtle Giant panda Black-footed ferret Whooping crane Northern spotted owl Blue whale Mountain gorilla Florida panther California condor Black rhinoceros

85. ________________- Species with so _____ survivors that the species could soon become extinct. Ex: Leopard

86. ______________________ Wild species that is still abundant in its natural range but is ______ to become __________ because of a ________ in numbers. Ex: Northern Sea Lion

87. ______ A ___________ ______ in a species. Ex: African Violet & some Orchids

88. ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION ____________: trying to return to a condition as similar as possible to original state. ____________:attempting to turn a degraded ecosystem back to being functional. ____________:replacing a degraded ecosystem with another type of ecosystem. _____________________: such as artificial wetlands for flood reduction and sewage treatment.

89. ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION ______ basic science-based _________ for ecological restoration: – Identify ________. – Stop _______ by eliminating or sharply reducing factors. – Reintroduce _________if necessary. – ________ area from _______ degradation. – Use adaptive _________ to ________ efforts, assess successes, and modify strategies.

90. Will Restoration_________Further ___________? There is some ________ that ecological restoration could promote further environmental destruction and degradation. – Suggesting that _____ ecological _____ can be ________ – __________ecosystem damage is far ______than ecological restoration.

91. ____________ Costs The ______ of _______ _________. Example, how much would it cost to protect a forest from cutting, move an endangered species to a new habitat, or restore a statue damaged by air pollution?

92. ______________ _________ and _________ study devoted to restoring, repairing, and reconstructing damaged ecosystems.

93. _____________ __________aside or _______ undisturbed natural _______ from harmful human activities.

94. ____________ _________ an ecosystem that has been destroyed.

95. _____________ _______ of a system to _______ for some specified time.

96. WHAT CAN WE DO? ______ priorities for protecting biodiversity: – Take __________ action to _________world’s biological hot spots. – Keep intact remaining _____ growth. – Complete ________ of world’s __________ for inventory and decision making. – Determine world’s __________ hot spots. – Concentrate on protecting and _________ lake and river systems (most threatened ecosystems).

97. WHAT CAN WE DO? – ________ that the full range of the earths ecosystems are ________ in global conservation strategy. – Make conservation __________. – Initiate ecological restoration _________ to _______ some of the damage done and increase share of earth’s land and water allotted to the rest of nature.

98. SPECIES EXTINCTION ______ species have _________ that make them _________ to ecological and biological extinction. Figure 9-3

99. Fig. 11-4, p. 225 Low reproductive rate (K-strategist) Specialized niche Narrow distribution Feeds at high trophic level Fixed migratory patterns Rare Commercially valuable Large territories Characteristic Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite Many island species, elephant seal, desert pupfish Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtles Many island species, African violet, some orchids Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther Examples

100. ______ Reproductive Rate Specialized ________ Habits Feed at high ________ levels Large ________ Specialized ______ or _______ areas Found only in _____ place or region Fixed____________patterns _____ on livestock or people ___________ Patterns

101. SPECIES EXTINCTION Scientists use ____________ and ______ to estimate extinction rates. – The International Union for the __________of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) publishes an annual ________, listing the world’s threatened species. – The ________ Red List contains __________ species at risk for extinction.

102. SPECIES EXTINCTION _____________ of various species types threatened with premature _________ from human activities. Figure 9-4

103. HABITAT _____, ___________, AND _______________ Conservation biologists _________ the most important causes of premature extinction as “________”: – _________ destruction, degradation, and fragmentation – __________species – __________ growth – ___________

104. _________Loss- people moving in (the _______ ____reason for endangerment!) ________ pollution- polluted air, water, etc ________-Hunting __________Harvest- sold for profit _________ of Endangerment

105. Location Where Endangerment is a Problem: _________California, Hawaii, Texas and Southeastern states like Florida Worldwide- Places that don’t ______ _______ and _______ countries that need the food. Ex. Africa, Asia, Middle East.

106. ___________ Biology- Multidisciplinary science that deals with the _____ of ________ and how to maintain the earth’s ecosystems. _________ used to help Endangered Species:

107. In Situ: ________ the animal where it ____ but _________ it. – Ex. Elephants; make laws that prevent _______ and have people to enforce it. – Ex. Marine turtles are protected but ______ nets must be used on all fishing nets so the turtles can get out and not drown. ___________________:

108. Ex Situ: Taking the animal _____ of its habitat & _______ it. Ex. Zoo’s 2 types: – _____ pulling -collecting wild eggs laid by critically endangered bird species and then hatching them in zoos or research centers – _______ breeding, wild individuals of a critically endangered species are captured for breeding in captivity, with the aim of __________ the offspring into the wild.

109. Fig. 9-10a, p. 199 Range 100 years ago Indian Tiger Range today (about 2,300 left)

110. Fig. 9-19b, p. 199 Range in 1700 Black Rhino Range today (about 3,600 left)

111. Fig. 9-10c, p. 199 Probable range 1600 African Elephant Range today

112. Fig. 9-10d, p. 199 Range today (34,000–54,000 left) Asian or Indian Elephant Former range

113. ________ SPECIES Many ________ species provide us with food, medicine, and other benefits but a few can wipe out _____ species, disrupt ecosystems, and cause large _________losses. Kudzu vine was introduced in the southeastern U.S. to control erosion. It has taken over native species habitats. Figure 9-12

114. INVASIVE SPECIES Many invasive species have been introduced ____________. Figure 9-11

115. INVASIVE SPECIES Many invasive species have been introduced ________________. Figure 9-11

116. INVASIVE SPECIES The __________introduced to Mobile, Alabama in 1932 from South America. – Most probably from _______. – No ________ predators.

117. Fig. 9-14, p. 203 Do not allow wild animals to escape. Do not spread wild plants to other areas. Do not dump the contents of an aquarium into waterways, wetlands, or storm drains. When camping use wood near your campsite instead of bringing firewood from somewhere else. Do not dump unused bait into the water. After dogs visit woods or the water brush them before taking them home. After each use clean your vehicle, mountain bike, surfboard, kayaks, canoes, boats, tent, hiking boots, and other gear before heading for home. Empty all water from canoes, kayaks, dive gear, and other outdoor equipment before heading home. Plant a variety of trees, shrubs, and other plants in your yard to reduce losses from invasive species. Do not buy plants from overseas or swap them with others using the Internet. What Can You Do? Invasive Species

118. Climate similar to habitat of invader Absence of predators on invading species Early successional systems Low diversity of native species Absence of fire Disturbed by human activities Characteristics of Successful Invader Species High reproductive rate, short generation time (r-selected species) Pioneer species Long lived High dispersal rate Release growth-inhibiting chemicals into soil Generalists High genetic variability Characteristics of Ecosystems Vulnerable to Invader Species

119. ____________ Each year ____________: – Kill about 1/5 th of the U.S. _________ colonies. – 67 million ______. – 6 -14 million _____. – Threaten ____ th of the U.S.’s endangered and threatened species. Example of biomagnification of DDT in an aquatic food chain. Figure 9-15

120. ______________ Some ____________are killed for their valuable ____ or are sold live to ________. Killing predators and pests that ______ us or cause ________ losses threatens some species with ___________ extinction. Legal and illegal trade in wildlife species used as _____ or for ________ purposes threatens some species with extinction.

121. ________ _________ A _________ strategy; ________protect or protect the environment ______ endangerment occurs.

122. __________ Restoration Renewing, repairing, or reconstructing damaged __________.

123. ____________ ECOLOGY Reconciliation ecology involves finding ways to _____ places we dominate with other ______. – Replacing ________ grasses with native species. – Maintaining habitats for insect eating _____ can keep down unwanted insects. – Reduction and elimination of _________ to protect non-target organisms (such as vital insect pollinators).

124. Using Reconciliation Ecology to Protect _________ Putting up bluebird _____ with holes too small for (________) competitors in areas where trees have been cut down have helped reestablish ____________.

125. Zoos, aquaria, gardens, etc. Breeding programs, protection, ______ public about the animals/ plants so they will want to ________ them.

126. Conservation Organizations Some are severe like _________- bomb whaling vessels, etc., others send money or try to pass ______.

127. Policy & Laws: __________ _______ ___ - 1973 One of the world’s _________ environmental laws. It is _____ for Americans to _______ or _____ in any product made from an __________ or ________ species unless it is used for an approved scientific purpose or to enhance the survival of the species. Authorizes the ________________and the _____________________ to identify and list all other endangered & threatened species. These species ________ be hunted, killed, collected or injured in the U.S.

128. Case Study: U.S. Endangered Species Act One of the world’s most far-reaching and controversial environmental laws is the 1973 U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). – ESA ________ federal agencies (besides defense department) to carry_____/ ______ projects that would _________an endangered species. – ESA makes it _______for Americans to engage in _________ associated with or hunt / kill / collect endangered or threatened species.

129. Species to Know __________ ___________ ______________ __________ _____________ ___________

131. ________________ Rhinoceros are often killed for their _____ and sold illegally on the _____ market for decorative and ________ purposes. Figure 9-17

132. Case Study: Rising Demand for ____________ in Africa Bushmeat ______ has caused the local _______ of many animals in West ______. Can spread ______ such as ________ and ______ virus. Figure 9-18

135. Endangered Species Because of scarcity of inspectors, probably no more than ____ th of the ______ wildlife trade in the U.S. is __________. Figure 9-20

136. Endangered Species Congress has ________ the ESA to help landowners protect species on their land. Some believe that the ESA should be _________ or ________ while others believe it should be _________ and modified to focus on protecting ecosystems. Many scientists believe that we should focus on _________ and __________ biodiversity and ecosystem function as the best way to protect species.

137. Local Examples of Endangered Species  American Alligator- threat.  Peregrine Falcon- DM  Whooping Crane- end.  Bald Eagle- DM  Grizzly Bear- threatened

138. PROTECTING WILD SPECIES: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC APPROACHES International ________ have helped reduce the international trade of endangered and threatened species, but _______________ is difficult. – One of the most powerful is the ______ Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (______). Signed by _______ countries, lists _____ species that cannot be commercially traded.

139. _________ Treaty Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild ______ and _____ ________ all international trade in _______ products to protect elephant populations that were being decimated by poachers. Signed by ______ countries and lists more than ______ species that cannot be commercially traded as live specimens or wildlife products because they are in danger of extinction and __________ other species whose international trade is monitored because they are at risk of becoming threatened.

140. Fig. 10-28, p. 247 Adopt a forest. Plant trees and take care of them. Recycle paper and buy recycled paper products. Buy sustainable wood and wood products. Choose wood substitutes such as bamboo furniture and recycled plastic outdoor furniture, decking, and fencing. Restore a nearby degraded forest or grassland. Landscape your yard with a diversity of plants natural to the area. Live in town because suburban sprawl reduces biodiversity. Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity What Can You Do?

141. Fig. 9-22, p. 213 Do not buy furs, ivory products, and other materials made from endangered or threatened animal species. Do not buy wood and paper products produced by cutting remaining old- growth forests in the tropics. Do not buy birds, snakes, turtles, tropical fish, and other animals that are taken from the wild. Do not buy orchids, cacti, and other plants that are taken from the wild. Spread the word. Talk to your friends and relatives about this problem and what they can do about it. What Can You Do? Protecting Species