1. Anatomy of a Wave

2. Waves- Main Causes Waves do not move across the water, they rise and fall in one place (a circular motion) Wind blows across surface of water, transfers E to water, then that E is what moves through the water Wave size,as depth Waves will not form too deep

3. Waves- How it Affects Water Undertow- subsurface current near shore that pulls objects out to sea (p. 429 Figure 5) Longshore Current- water current travels near & parallel to shoreline & form where waves approach the beach at an angle White caps- waves form in open ocean during stormy weather, white foaming, short lived, steep crests) Tsunami-

4. Surface Currents – Main Causes Horizontal, stream-like movements of water near ocean’s surface Directly controlled by wind Ex. Gulf Stream- longest surface current

5. Surface Currents – Main Causes (Con’t) 1.Global Winds- winds blow across Earth’s surface (Equator- blow E to W Poles- blow W to E) 2. Coriolis Effect- (p.418) curving of straight moving object due to Earth’s rotation 3. Continental Deflection- surface currents hit continents and deflect (change direction of current) (Ex. South Equatorial Current p. 418)

6. Surface Currents- How It Affects Water TEMPERATURE (p. 419)- Hot water vs. cold water currents Warm-water currents- start near equator & carry warm water to other parts of ocean Cold-water currents- start near poles & carry cold water to other parts of ocean

7. Deep Currents-Main Causes Stream-like movements of water deep below ocean’s surface NOT Directly controlled by wind Occurs deep in part of ocean where water density 2 Factors Change Density 1.Salinity = Density 2.Temperature = Density

8. Currents-Main Causes (Con’t) Temperature: Warmer = less dense (become surface currents) Cools = more dense (falls becomes water in deep currents) REMEMBER CONVECTION Cold near polar regions, molecules condense becomes more dense and sink, while moving toward equator as deep current (p. 420) Salinity: freezing top water pushes salt out to bottom water = more dense = deep current; Evaporation in warmer climates leaves salt behind = more dense = deep current

9. CONVECTION CURRENT REVIEW Sun initial E source of winds and currents Sun hits Earth in some areas more than others Hot/ warm water rises, Cold/ cool water sinks WHICH OCEAN CURRENTS DO YOU THINK CARRY MORE THERMAL ENERGY, CURRENTS NEAR THE EQUATOR OR NEAR THE POLES?

10. Deep Currents- How Affects Water Temperature of water affected Gives organisms (living things) a cold environment in deep ocean

11. Just Listen To This Sir Isaac Newton and the moon Every particle on Earth is pulled by the moon’s gravity Liquids are pulled more than solids As moon rotates around Earth, part facing the moon pulled the most (HIGH TIDE) and directly on opposite side of the Earth at same time (p. 433 Fig. 2) Level of water in between gets lower (LOW TIDE) Both the sun and the moon effects tides, the moon effects tides the most Tides- the daily changes in the level of the ocean Tidal Range- difference in level of ocean between high and low tide

12. Spring Tide (Main Causes) Spring Tides Occur: (p. 434 Figure 4) 1. sun, Earth, and moon are aligned (During new and full moons/ every 14 days) 2.Moon and sun on opposite sides of Earth

13. Spring Tide (How it Affects Water) Have the largest daily tidal range

14. Neap Tide (Main Causes) Neap Tides Occur: (p. 434 Figure 4) 1. sun, Earth, and moon form 90 degree angle (During first and third quarters of the moon/ halfway between spring tide times) 2.Moon, sun, and Earth gravitational pull work against each other

15. Neap Tide (How it Affects Water) Have the smallest (minimum) daily tidal range

16. Phases of Moon Phase- different appearances of moon due to its changing position Light on the left leaving (LLL), light on the right returning

17. Waxing and Waning of Moon Waxing- sunlight part of moon getting larger Waning- sunlight part of moon getting smaller Page 662 Figure 3  Half the moon is always covered in sunlight and half the Earth is always covered in sunlight  What we can see from our position is the only thing that changes

18. Solar vs. Lunar Eclipse Eclipse- an event where shadow of one celestial body (sun, moon, or Earth) fall on another Solar Eclipse- when the moon comes in between the Earth and the sun (blocks sun) Lunar Eclipse- when Earth comes in between the sun and the moon (shadow of Earth falls on moon)- moon actually has a red color

19. Moon, Earth, and Sun Positions Moon travels around Earth Earth travels around sun