1. 4-1: Building blocks of Social Structure

2. Focus Questions
4-1 How might factors such as the mass media and popular entertainment influence American Norms and values?

3. Essential Questions
What are the two major components of social structure?
How do these two components of social structure affect human interactions?

4. Social Structure
The way in which society is organized into predictable relationships

5. Social Interaction & Reality
Human beings interpret or define each other’s actions
The ability to define social reality reflects a group’s power within society

6. Defining & Reconstructing Reality
Negotiated Order
Negotiated Order is a social structure that derives its existence from the social interactions through which people define and redefine character
People reshape reality by negotiating changes in patterns of social interaction
Negotiation is the attempt to reach agreement with others concerning the same objective.

7. Major Components of Structure
Role
The behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status.
Can have more than one role simultaneously
Status
A socially defined position in a group in a society, which has attached to it one or more roles
A person holds more than one status simultaneously
Examples:
President
Daughter
Student
Neighbor

8. Social Statuses Ascribed and Achieved Status Master Status
Ascribed = status you are born with
Achieved = status you earn
Master Status
Master = status that dominates others and determines a person’s general position in society

9. Social Roles
Role Conflict is the challenge of occupying two social positions simultaneously
Role strain describes the difficulties that result from the differing demands and expectations associated with the same social position
Role exit describes the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one’s identity, and the establishments of a new role.

10. STATUS
EXAMPLES OF ROLE
EXAMPLES OF CONFLICT/STRAIN
Firefighter
Put out fires, save lives, wears a uniform
Voluntarily puts self in danger, but has loved ones who need him/her
Mother
Provide food, shelter, nurture, discipline
Fatigue and long shifts make household tasks and interactions difficult
PTA President
Run Meetings, recruit new members, plan activities
Has trouble getting members to attend and follow through on promises.

11. STATUS
EXAMPLES OF ROLE
EXAMPLES OF CONFLICT/STRAIN
STUDENT

12. 4-2: Types of Social Interaction

13. Focus Question

14. Essential Questions
How are culture and society related to human interaction?
How do individuals and groups use accommodation to settle disputes?

15. Exchange Most basic and common form of social interaction
Dating, family life, friendship, and politics all involve exchange
Reciprocity is the basis for exchange:
The idea that if you do something for someone, that person owes you something in return

16. Exchange Theory
DEFINTION: a theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with others.
People do things primarily for rewards. Behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated.
Assignment: Reflect back on your answer from the FOCUS Question. Are there any examples that could be explained through this theory. If not, think of an example and be prepared to share.

17. How is the image above an example of S.E.T.?
SET is not all about money or goods or commodities it can also be applied to relationships. In this scenario she feels that the man can be changed to compliment her weak areas, but she will also use him as standard to which she will find better or may find better in the future if indeed the man cannot be changed. Ex: I cook dinner, you wash the dishes. I clean the kitchen, you clean the bathrooms. “Compromise” in relationships as it is usually referred to.
How is the image above an example of S.E.T.?

18. Competition
DEFINTION: an interaction that occurs when two or more people/groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Common in Western Society
Basis behind capitalism and democracy
If it follows accepted rules of conduct, most sociologists view it as a positive means of motivating people to perform the roles society asks of them .
Negatively, competition can lead to psychological stress, a lack of cooperation in social relationships, inequality, and even conflict.

19. Cooperation
DEFINTION: interaction that occurs when two or more persons/groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people.
No group can complete its task or achieve its goals without cooperation from its members
Competition may be used along with cooperation to motivate members to work harder for the group.
Assignment: Think of groups with which you have been involved. Have they ever used competition along with cooperation? What are some examples?

20. Accommodation
DEFINTION: a state of balance between cooperation and conflict.
accommodation helps to ensure social stability
It can take a number of different forms
Compromise
Truce
Mediation
Arbitration

21. 4-3: Types of Society

22. Essential Questions What types of societies exist in the world today?
What roles do individuals play in these models of group systems?

23. Focus Questions In your opinion, what is the “division of labor”?
As time goes on, societies change and advance. Using your knowledge of history, identity and describe 3 different types of societies.

24. Important Definitions
Group
A set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of commons identity
Subsistence Strategies
Ways a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members
** There are three types of soceities**

25. Pre-Industrial Society
Food production through the use of human and animal labor is the main economic activity
Subdivided according to technology and method of production
Hunter-Gatherer
Pastoral (free range grazing cattle or sheep)
Horticultural
Slash-and-Burn
Agricultural
Barter system

26. Hunter Gatherer Constantly Moving in search of food
Do not build permanent villages
Limited artifacts
Rarely exceed 100 people
Status fairly equal
Family is the main social unit

27. Pastoral Rely on domesticated herds
Nomadic: moving herds from pasture to pasture
Larger populations due to food reliability
Food surpluses result in division of labor
Trade and inequality emerge
Property is passed between generations

28. Horticultural Food grown in garden plots
Slash and burn techniques develop
Simple tools
Move to new land when land becomes barren
30-2,000 people
Similar technology and social structure as Pastoral

29. Agricultural Animals are used to cultivate land
Increased technology allows to plant more crops
Irrigation increases crop yield
Large crop yield support large/permanent societies
Increased specialization leads to cities
Wealth becomes more concentrated
Barter system emerges

30. The Affects of Industrialization
Preindustrial
Industrial
Emphasis is food production
Economic activities in the home
Produced entire product
Family is the primary socialization and education agent
Social status is fairly fixed
Emphasis is manufactured goods
Economic activities in the factory
Division of labor
Education and socialization takes place outside of the family
Increased potential to change status

31. Postindustrial Society
Emphasis is on the provision of information and services
Standard of living increases for much of the population as wages increase
Strong emphasis on roles of science and education
Technological advances are viewed as the key to future prosperity

32. Sociology and Society Preindustrial Societies Industrial Societies
Mechanical Solidarity: hen people share values and tasks they become united
Gemeinshaft: most people know each other. Activities center on the family and community. Strong sense of solidarity
Industrial Societies
Organic Solidarity: with increased specialization, relationships become less personal and people are less able to provide for their own need
Gesellchaft: Relationships are impersonal, temporary, and based on need rather than emotion. Values are weak and individual goals are more important than group goals.

33. Assignment: Diary Entries
Write a series of six (6) creative diary entries that Illustrates how a teenager might spend his or her day for each of the six types of society
Hunting and Gathering Societies
Pastoral Societies
Horticultural Societies
Agricultural Societies
Industrial Societies
Post-Industrial Societies

34. 4-4: Groups within Society

35. Focus Question
Define “group”

36. Vocabulary & Essential Question
EQ: How are culture and society related to human interaction?
EQ: How do sociologists define the term group?
EQ: What are the major features of primary and secondary groups?
EQ: What purposes do groups fulfill?
Dyad Reference Group
Triad In-Group
Formal Group Out-Group
Informal Group Electronic Community
Primary Group Social Network
Secondary Group

37. What is a group?
Definition: A set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity
The Four Features of a Group
1. 2 or more people involved
2. interaction among group members
3. shared expectation
4. sense of common identity
Assignment: Identify 5 different examples of groups

38. Aggregates (NOT a group)
Definition: When people gather in the same place at the same time, but lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction
Examples: Passengers on an airplane or a line to buy tickets to a concert
Social Categories: a means of classifying people based on shared trait or characteristic
Examples: Students, women, teenagers, left-handed

39. Varying Features of a Group
Size Time Organization

40. Dyad Triad 2 members 3 members
Each member has direct control over the group’s existence
Decision making can be difficult if they don’t agree
3 members
Group takes on life of its own
Cant be disbanded by one member
Tie breaker makes decisions easier

41. Formal Group Informal Group
Structure, goals, and activities are clearly defined
There is not an official structure or established rules of conduct

42. Secondary Group Primary Group Interaction is temporary and personal
Casual and limited in personal involvement
Personal importance based on function performed
Individual easily replaced
Partial self shared
Primary Group
Small group that interacts over a long period
Communication deep and intense
Intimate/face to face
Entire self shared

43. In Group
A group that a person belongs to and identifies with
Separate themselves through use of symbols
See themselves as (+) and out groups (-)
Compete with out-groups
Out Group
A group that a person does not belong to or identify with

44. Reference Group
Definition: Any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they adopt
groups chosen are important because they can have positive and negative effects
as a person grows older, reference groups can change

45. Assignment: using the different types of groups, label each of these pictures using as many applicable terms as possible

46. Electronic Communities & Social Networks
Electronic Communities demonstrate behaviors similar to primary groups – argue, engage in intellectual discussions, share intimate details, gossip, play games, and flirt
Social Networks: a web of relationships formed by the sum total of a person’s interaction with others
Unlike a group, there is not a common identity
Provide interaction and career advancement
Can provide support during stressful periods.

47. Group Functions Must define boundaries for belonging
Need to set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Need to control members’ behavior – conformity
Must select leaders (people who influence the attitudes and opinions of others)
Instrumental leaders: task oriented
Expressive leaders: emotion-oriented
Groups need both to be successful