1. Chapter 1: Introduction to Matter

2. Lesson 1: Describing Matter
What Properties Describe Matter?
Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space
Ex: everything! Water, air, paper, oxygen, wood, etc…
Chemistry: the study of matter and how it changes
Substances: a single kind of matter that is pure, meaning it has a specific makeup or composition.

3. Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical Properties: characteristics that can be observed without changing the substance
Chemical Properties: characteristics that describe the ability to change into other substances

4. Physical Properties Chemical Properties

5. Lesson 2: Classifying Matter
What is Matter made of?
Matter is made of elements.
Elements: a substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance by physical or chemical means.
Specific physical and chemical properties
Represented by one or two letters
Fe =
Ca =
O =
N =

6. Atoms: the basic particle from which all elements are made of
All matter is made of elements
Nucleus – contains protons and neutrons. Has a positive charge.
Nucleus is surrounded by a negatively charged cloud

7. Most elements are able to combine with atoms of other elements.
When they combine it is a chemical bond.
When atoms combine they form molecules. Molecules: a group of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

8. Compounds: 2 or more elements chemically combined set ratio
Chemical Formula: shows elements in the compound and ratio
CO - carbon monoxide
CO2  - carbon dioxide

9. Mixtures: 2 or more substances combined
Substances keep their properties
Not combined in a set ratio
2 types:
homogenous: evenly mixed, difficult to separate, and cannot see parts. Ex: air
heterogeneous: can be easily separated and see different parts. Ex: salad
Mixtures can be separated by:
Filtration
Magnetic attraction
Evaporation
distillation

10. Write the number of atoms for each element represented in the chemical formula.
1. NaCl
2. H2SO4
3. KNO3
4. CaCl3
5. C2H6

11. Lesson 3: Measuring Matter
Weight: measure force of gravity on you
Mass: amount of matter in an object
Volume: amount of space an object occupies
Density: amount of mass in a given volume
SI Units: International System of Units, system of units

12. Weight The more massive a planet than Earth, the more you will weigh
Use a scale
Depends on gravity of planet you are visiting

13. Mass Does not change with location, even if gravity changes
SI Unit is kilogram (kg)
1,000g = 1kg

14. Volume SI Unit is cubic meter (m3) Unit for liquids is mL
Unit for solids is cm3 or m3
For regular shaped objects: volume = length x width x height
For irregular shaped objects use liquid displacement. Submerge object in a graduated cylinder filled with water. See how much water level rose.

15. How is Density Determined?
Expressed as number of grams in one cubic meter. (g/cm3)
Divide mass by the volume
Mass/volume
Objects with density greater than water will sink
Physical property that can be used to identify unknown substances

16. Homework Review Questions
Answer on a separate sheet. You will turn this in to the teacher.
What happens to a ball that is thrown in the air? Why?
How would you describe gravity?
Why would a scientist prefer to describe an object using mass rather than weight?
How is the volume of an irregular object measured?
What is the formula for density?
How do you express the density of a liquid? (unit of measurement)

17. Lesson 4: Changes in Matter
Physical Change: alters form or appearance, but substance remains the same
Chemical Change: produces one or more new substances

18. Physical Changes Stays same substance
Change of state (ex: melting, evaporating, condensation)
Change in shape (bending, crushing, breaking, chopping, dissolving)
Change in form

19. Chemical Changes New substances
Ex: combustion, electrolysis, oxidation, tarnishing. Please refer to the table on pg. 24

20. Conservation of Mass
Matter is not created or destroyed in any physical or chemical or physical change
Aka – law of conservation of matter

21. Are Changes In Energy and Matter Related?
Chemical and physical changes involve changes in energy
Temperature: measure of how hot or cold something is. Related to energy of the motion of the particles of matter.
Thermal Energy: total energy of the motion of the particles. In other words, it’s the energy of the particles.
Thermal energy is related to temperature.
Thermal energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.

23. Thermal Energy and Changes in Matter
Thermal energy is absorbed or released when matter changes.
Endothermic thermal: a change in which energy is absorbed. Ex: ice melting
Exothermic change: a change in which energy is released. Releases energy. Ex: combustion

24. Transforming Chemical Energy
Chemical energy: energy stored in chemical bonds between atoms
Found in food, fuels, and cells in your body